• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.197-206
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• 2009

Purpose : Limited information is available on experiences of intravenous iron treatment in children. In this study, iron sucrose was administered intravenously to determine its effect, the factors predicting outcome, and safety in children on chronic dialysis. Methods : Twenty-one children whose serum ferritin levels were less than 100 ng/mL or transferrin saturations (TSAT) were less than 20% were enrolled. In 12 children on peritoneal dialysis (PD), the drug was infused intravenously as 200 mg/$m^2$ ($\leq$200 mg) at week 0, 2, 4, and 6. In 9 children on hemodialysis (HD), it was given intravenously as 8 weekly doses of 3 mg/kg ($\leq$100 mg) through week 0-7. Results : After treatment, serum ferritin levels increased significantly in both groups, and TSAT rose significantly in PD group. However, hemoglobin level did not rise significantly in both groups. Children with baseline hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL or baseline TSAT less than 20% showed significantly higher rise of hemoglobin after intravenous iron treatment. To the contrary, those with higher baseline hemoglobin and TSAT levels displayed higher rise in serum ferritin after the treatment. Although no serious adverse event occurred, TSAT levels exceeding 50% were noted in 6 patients in PD group. Conclusion : This suggests that 3 mg/kg/week of intravenous iron sucrose can be used safely in children on chronic HD, but 200 mg/$m^2$ every other week may incur excessive TSAT level in some patients on chronic PD.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 1993

The major purpose of this study was to determine the effects of air pollution on respiratory diseases. From the analysis of $SO_2$, $NO_2$ and TSP levels measured at two air pollution monitoring stations(K & E area) of Seoul during Jan. 1988-Dec. 1990, pollution level of K area was higher than E area. Insurance out-patient records for the medical fee reimbusement submitted to the National Federation of Medical Insurance from Jan. to Dec. 1990 were used in order to assess the occurrence of respiratory disease. The results were as follows ; 1. The annual mean levels of $SO_2$, $NO_2$ and TSP in K area were 0.08lppm, O.03lppm and 173.4${\mu}g/m^3$, whereas those of E area were 0.044ppm, 0.02lppm and 146.0 ${\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. The mean levels of above three air pollutants between two areas showed difference about 1.2 times-1.8 times by air pollutant. 2. The monthly out-patient incidence rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, chronic bronchitis and asthma in K area were higher when compared with those of E area. The monthly out-patient incidence rates of above three chronic respiratory disease of two areas studied showed statistically significant difference about 1.3 times, 2.7 times, 1.4 times respectively. No difference were, however, shown in acute respiratory infections. 3. Highest incidence rates of out-patients could be observed among the group of children less than 10 years old, while adult out-patient incidence rates increased as age increased. 4. The relation between air pollution and chronic respiratory disease was obvious especially, the strongly significant correlation was observed between $NO_2$ and chronic bronchitis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2018

Amyloidosis is a rare disease that results from the deposition of extracellular protein in various body tissues, causing progressive organ dysfunction. Secondary renal amyloidosis is a rare but serious complication of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. We report a case of secondary renal amyloidosis in a pediatric patient who reported a 16-year history of "very early onset inflammatory bowel disease". Intensive treatment including repeated infliximab infusions improved clinical parameters of inflammatory bowel disease, although renal dysfunction showed progression. Amyloidosis should be considered in patients with IBD, particularly if they suffered disease progression.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the definition of vitamin D as a nutrient as well as a hormone-like molecule and its new function in prevention of various chronic diseases. Methods: The review was written by the method for systematic reivew writing. Literatures from the various sources, including research articles, book chapters, proceedings and electronic materials as appropriate, were screened first and then reviewed and analyzed for the review. Results: Vitamin D was originally considered as the essential nutrient as a vital carbon compound and was first discovered among children with osteomalacia, also known as ricket disease, characterized by poorly calcified bones which were easily bent rather than broken. Since that time, vitamin D has been known as the key nutrient to improve bone health. However, recently emerging study findings have shown that vitamin D acts as the hormone-like nutrient since it is synthesized like a hormone when our body needs and this particular vitamin also acts like a cell signaling ligand which regulates gene expression of various proteins. So far positive effects of vitamin D have been suggested for the action of anticancer, anti-immune function, and anti-cardiovascular disease, as well as antidiabetic function, etc. In this review, the definition for vitamin D as a nutrient vitamin as well as a hormone-like molecule, cell signaling mechanism of vitamin D, and finally the potential role for the prevention of chronic diseases are discussed. Conclusion: Vitamin D is now being considered as a vital nutrient as a vitamin and as a potential substance for prevention of several chronic diseases.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2006

Purpose : The prognosis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN) has been reported to be favorable. However, several studies have reported that patients with nephrotic range proteinuria in the acute phase or persistent proteinuria may progress to chronic renal failure. To elucidate this further, we analyzed the features of proteinuria and its prognosis in pediatric patients with APSGN. Methods : A total of 48 children with APSGN admitted to our hospital between Jan. 2000 and Dec. 2004 were included. After discharge from the hospital, patients were regularly followed up every month by clinical evaluations and laboratory tests including routine urinalysis and quantification of proteinuria. Results : Age of the patients ranged from 3 to 15 years(median 5.8 years) at the time of disease onset. Proteinuria was present in 34(70.8%) patients and 5 of them showed heavy proteinuria. Proteinuria normalized within one month in most patients(82.3%) and there was no one with proteinuria after 6 months. Cyclosporine A(5 mg/kg/day in two divided doses) was given to 3 patients with massive proteinuria that lasted longer than 2 months and the result was complete remission within 4 months. Conclusions : Our data indicated that the prognosis of APSGN during childhood is excellent. Children with severe proteinuria or subnormal renal function in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis had favorable prognosis without chronic renal failure, and children with crescentic formation also had favorable prognosis. Three patients who continued to have heavy proteinuria for more than 2 months received cyclosporine A and remission of proteinuria was achieved within a couple of months.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.963-969
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• 2015

High sodium intake in many countries has become the leading cause of chronic diseases. This situation requires correct dietary behavior to ensure proper sodium intake in the younger population. The purpose of the present study was to assess eating behavior regarding sodium intake and identify its correlation with common dietary attitudes in children. This cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying 588 elementary school children in Korea. Sodium-related dietary behavior and common eating attitudes were examined through questionnaires, and analyses were conducted by comparing the results between boys and girls. The most undesirable sodium-related dietary behavior in subjects was they 'eat kimchi with every meal' followed by the 'tendency to eat hot and spicy food'. Girls had better dietary behavior regarding sodium intake than boys (P<0.05). However, the common eating attitude between boys and girls was not significantly different. For all subjects, sodium-related dietary behavior and eating attitude showed a significant positive correlation (P=0.0032). The present study shows that a common eating attitude is better when the sodium-related dietary behavior is more desirable in children.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.153-163
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• 2004

Objective: For last 20 years our living environment has been changed rapidly. Accordingly. there have been many changes in prevalence of diseases; In nasal disease of the pediatrics, the number of children suffering from chronic rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction has been increased. And respiratory symptoms suggesting rhinitis and sinusitis also were increased. Allergic disease is considered as an important cause of this phenomenon while importance of infection as pathogen is fading today. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TonggyutangGarnibang on the nasal disease of children. Methods: Children with nasal disease answer the questionnaires on their chief complaints and medical past history on their first visit to our clinic. They were treated 'With TonggyutangGarnibang for 4weeks. After treatment they answered the questionnaire on improvement of their symptoms. Results: Among treated patients, 70 were male(69%) and 32 were female(31%); sex ratio was 2.2.3:l(male:female). And children from 3-8 years old took majority of patients(64%). Major symptoms of children with nasal disease were as follows; nasal obstruction 9lchildren(62%), rhinorrhea 86children(84%), sneezing 63children(62%), cough 63children(62%), snoring 48children (47%), poor appetite 44children(43%), itching 39children(38%), headache 32children(31%), stomache 25children(25%), epistaxis 23children(23%), constipation 17children(17%), diarrhea 12children(12%). Past history and impression of the disease of the patients were as follows; allergic rhinitis(66%), atopic dermatitis(42%), sinusitis(40%), asthma(25%), urticaria(12%). Severity of symptom improved after TonggyutangGamibang treatment, it showed high treatment efficacy as follows; sneezing 70%, cough 70%, rhinorrhea 63%, nasal obstruction 59% Conclusion: This study shows TonggyutangGamibang has distinctive treatment effect on children with nasal disease.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 2007

This study compared obese children's food group intakes with the new Dietary References Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) food guides for 5th-6th grade school children. This study also determined the extent of sedentary life styles related with obesity in this area of children. This is it cross-sectional study of 799 school children. The dietitian sent a survey form describing the project and a questionnaire to the subject's family. The questionnaire included child demographics, family history of chronic diseases, the daily servings of five food groups, such as grains, meat and beans, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. The daily or weekly hours of physical activity, television viewing, and computer usage were also surveyed. Obesity index (%) of the subjects was calculated, and children with an obesity index (%) equal to or greater than 20 were classified as the obese. Among the 799 participants, 50.7% were female. The percentages of the normal and the obese were 691 (86.5%) and 108 (13.5%) respectively. Obese children reported eating less vegetables (p<0.05), more high sugar snacks (p<0.05), and high fat snacks (p<0.05) than normal children. No significant differences in food servings of grains, meats and beans, and fruits, and dairy products between the normal and the obese were shown. Obese children reported fewer hours of physical activities (p<0.05) and more hours of computer usage (p<0.05) than normal children. Girls showed less likelihood of being obese (odds ratio, 0.575, CI (0.38, 0.87), p<0.05). More hours of physical activity significantly decreased the likelihood of being obese (odds ratio, 0.572, CI (0.35, 0.92), p<0.05). Family history of obesity almost doubled the likelihood of obesity in children (odds ratio, 2.653, CI (1.660, 4.241), p<0.05). In conclusion, frequent snacking, inadequate vegetable consumption, and sedentary lifestyle increased significantly the likelihood of obesity in children, which suggest that obesity intervention in this age group should focuse more on those variables.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2016

Although asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, and acute pyelonephritis (APN) have been categorized as urinary tract infections (UTIs), the immunopathogenesis of each disease is different. APN shows an age predilection; the majority of children (over 70-80%) with APN are under 1-2 years of age, with a male predominance. After 1-2 years of age, female predominance has been reported. This finding suggests that the immature immune state of infancy may be associated with the pathogenesis of APN. Escherichia coli is the most common etiologic agent; other uropathogens associated with UTIs originate from the host and comprise normal flora that are continuously altered by environmental factors. Therefore, uropathogens may have characteristics different from those of extraneous bacterial pathogens. Although antibiotic-resistant uropathogens, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains, are increasing in Korea and worldwide, treatment failure is rare in immune-competent children. The immunopathogenesis of APN remains unknown. Intact bacteria may not be the causative substances in renal cell injury; rather, smaller substances produced during bacterial replication may be responsible for renal cell injury and scarring. Moreover, substances from host cells such as proinflammatory cytokines may be involved in renal cell injury. A dimercaptosuccinic acid scan is used to detect the site of bacterial replication in the renal parenchyma, and may be influenced by the size of the focus and the stage of APN. Traditional aggressive studies used to identify vesicoureteral reflux after the first episode of APN have been modified because of rare cases of chronic kidney disease in patients with recurrent UTI.