• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the three-dimensional (3D) imaging system of children's facial soft tissue by comparing linear measurements. The subjects of the study were 15 children between the ages of 7 and 12. Twenty-three landmarks were pointed on the face of each subject and 16 linear measurements were directly obtained 2 times using an electronic caliper. Two sets of 3D facial images were made by the 3D scanner. The same 16 measurements were obtained on each 3D image. In the accuracy test, the total average difference was 0.9 mm. The precision of 3D photogrammetry was almost equivalent to that of direct measurement. Thus, 3D photogrammetry by the 3D scanner in children had sufficient accuracy and precision to be used in clinical setting. However, the 3D imaging system requires the subject's compliance for exact images. If the clinicians provide specific instructions to children while obtaining 3D images, the 3D device is useful for investigating children's facial growth and development. Also the device can be a valuable tool for evaluating the results of orthodontic and orthopedic treatments.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.6 s.65
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• pp.891-904
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• 1997

Today's orthodontic treatment goals lie in functional esthetics, and the importance of the latter is increasing gradually in trend. Considering such, study on growth and development of soft as well as hard tissues becomes inevitable. Early studies emphasize mainly on skeletal analysis using cephalometric data. However, more recent studies report that maxillofacial soft tissue, which plays a critical role in determining facial esthetics, is influenced by underlying hard tissue, and yet close relationship between them was not noticed. Cephalometric x-rays were taken of 137 Korean boys and 106 girls with no systemic disease, fair developmental status and normal occlusion for two consecutive years; afterwards, soft tissue analysis, which was divided into four parts, facial form lip position & posture, nose, and thickness, was done to correlate them with general growth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-195
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• 1985

Vertical and horizontal growth occur in the craniofacial complex which ensues continuous changes in facial morphology, until the end of active growth period. Longitudinal study for individual is essential, in the research on growth and development, however, the difficulties in obtaining long term subjects in Korea, the research has been limited. The author analyzed the cephalometric roentgenogrems of 43 boys and 47 girls taken from the ages 6 to 10. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to SN-MP angle and 2 groups according to gonial angle. In this longitudinal study, 21 variables were measure 4. The obtained results were as follows: 1. SN-MP angle and genial angle had no significant changes in each group with age. 2. With age, facial convexity of hard tissue decreased in all groups, facial angle of hard tissue increased in low SN-MP angle group, but facial convexity of soft tissue had no significant changes in all groups with age. 3. In comparison of high SN-MP angle group and low SN-MP angle group, the former had greater facial convexity and smaller facial angle than the latter. 4. SN-MP angle and the ratio of posterior dental height to anterior dental height had reverse correlation in all groups. 5. High genial angle group revealed larger SN-MP angle, anterior dental height facial convexity, but smaller mandibular length, and the ratio of posterior dental height to anterior dental height compared with low genial angle group.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-148
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• 1985

It has been a long time since the cephalometrics was introduced to orthodontic field for diagnosis and treatment planning, but it's main concern was limited to hard, skeletodental tissue. It is well known that perioral and facial soft tissue determine the position of individual teeth and that the abnormality in size and shape of the soft tissue are able to cause malformed occlusion. Because of our lack of knowledge about resultant morphologic changes in the relationship between skeletal pattern and specific pattern of lingual and facial muscles, we can't help setting greater value on only abnormalities of teeth in the skeletal interrelationship. In a point of view that the orthodontist is dealing primarily with muscular structures around the dentition, the tongue, lips, and cheeks, therefore it may be desirable to estimate these structure and their potential influence on the dentition on developmental and time base. The author hit upon on idea of the aspect above, so studied on the intermaxillary space and tongue space and this study used the data from cephalometric films of 33 male and 40 female subject aged from 6 to 11 years of normal Korean children following results were obtained: 1. Means and standard deviation of Korean children were obtained. 2. Yearly increment of each variables were obtained. 3. There is the correlationship more than average among the variables except posterior intermaxillary height item. 4. There are differences between male children and female children in all variables except posterior intermaxillary space item. 5. All variables increased as the age increased except posterior intermaxillary height item of male children.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.325-340
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• 1996

Along with traditional goal of 'straightening teeth', today's orthodontics put more and more emphasis on facial esthetics. Naturally, the importance of soft tissue, which dictates one's facial form, is noticed. There have been many cephalometric studies on growth of hard tissue ; however, only a few on that of soft tissue. In Korea, various methods of sampling, measuring and analysing were used to study soft tissue changes, and yet, soft tissue changes along with process of normal growth have not been studied. The author carried out this study as a part of semi-longitudinal study on craniofacial growth and development of Korean children from ages of six to seventeen. 409 boys and 436 girls who'd had no systemic disease for the last three years and shown normal developmental and occlusal status were chosen as subjects. Cephalometric X-rays were taken of each subject, and facial form, lip position & form, nose form, and lip thickness were measured. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated according to age and gender, and figures and tables were drawn accordingly. The following results were obtained: 1. In respect to facial form, boys showed growth for longer period compared to girls. Also, lower face showed higher growth rate than upper face. 2. There was not much change in thickness of upper and lower lips with age; however, they appeared more prominent compared to caucasian children. 3. Nose grew horizontally with age. 4. Horizontal thickness of lower face increased with age, and upper lip thickness at nose base[A-Sn(FH)] showed more growth than anywhere else.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to determine whether any difference existed in craniofacial morphology between parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate and parents of children without cleft lip and/or palate as well as the characteristics of craniofacial morphology in parents of children with cleft lip and/or palate. Thirty three measurements of the various regions of cranium and face were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiograms in parents of 28 children with cleft lip and palate, 18 children with cleft lip, and 22 children with cleft palate. There were 28 couples and 40 single parents in this sample. There were 92 individuals including 41 males and 51 females. The measurements were compared with those in control subjects, including 40 adult males and 40 adult females, who had no history of craniofacial abnormalities. The total sample was compared for the sex independently. The obtained results were as follows. 1. In the cranium, both parents of cleft children had significantly shorter posterior cranial base length(S-Ba). 2. In the upper face, a significantly shorter anteroposterior length of maxilla(A'-Ptm'), particularly in the anterior region (A'-K), anterior facial depth(A-SBaL), posterior facia! height(Ptm'-SNL) and relation of subnasale to the cranial base (∠BaN'Sn) were noted in fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers. 3. In the lower face, both parents of cleft children showed a significantly greater Y axis angle(∠NSGn) and ramal plane angle(∠SNL-RP) in fathers of cleft children. Thus both patents showed a posteriorly rotation of mandible. The thickness of the lower lip(B-B') was significantly thicker in fathers of cleft children. 4. In the facial profile, a significantly shorter posterior facial height(S-Go) and greater angle of soft tissue facial convexity (∠BaN'Pog') were noted in the fathers of cleft children. But, all measurements were not found to be significantly different between experimental group and control group in all mothers.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1976

This study was undertaken to establish the roentgenocephalometric standards of the Korean children in Hellman dental age III C. The subjects consisted of 33 males and 33 females with the normal occlusion and acceptable profile. The lateral cephalometric films were taken with the teeth in centric occlusion, the soft tissue outline of the nose, lips, and chin was made visible by the low-speed films, 70Kvp, 100Mas. Their linear and angular measurements were performed by Jarabak's methods. The following results were obtained; 1) The author made the tables of standard deviation from the measured values. 2) Each linear measurement of the skull was greater in males than in females. 3) The maxillary basal bones were more protrusive in Korean children than in Caucasian. 4) The degree of the facial convexity was larger in Korean children than in Caucasian. 5) The labial inclination of the upper & lower incisors was greater in Korean children than in Caucasian. The labial inclination of the upper incisor was greater in females, but the labial inclination of the lower incisor was greater in males.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.354-357
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• 2015

Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is a rare, acquired disorder characterized by progressive unilateral facial atrophy of the skin, soft tissue, muscles, and underlying bony structures that may be preceded by cutaneous induration. It is sometimes accompanied by ipsilateral brain lesions and neurological symptoms. Here we present the case of a 10-year-old girl with right-sided PRS and recurrent monoplegic ataxia of the left leg. At 4 years of age, she presented with localized scleroderma over the right parietal region of her scalp; her face gradually became asymmetric as her right cheek atrophied. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed hemiatrophy of the face and skull base, and T2-weighted images showed increased signal in the right hemipons and hemicerebellar peduncle. Magnetic resonance angiography findings were unremarkable. She was treated with oral prednisolone, and her recurrent gait ataxia diminished within 2 months of the follow-up period. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second case of PRS presenting with an abnormal involvement of the ipsilateral hemipons.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.620-627
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• 2005

The purposes of early orthodontic intervention are to correct obvious problems, to intercept developing problems and prevent them from becoming worse. Myofunctional influence on facial growth and the dentition change in muscle function and initiate morphologic variation in the normal configuration of the teeth and enhance an already existing malocclusion. Myofunctional therapy has been advocated since 1960's as the treatment for tongue thrust and other oral habits. Pre-orthodontic $TRAINER^{(R)}$ is introduced as functional device usable in children of mixed dentition to correct functional problems concerning soft tissue, tooth and skeleton. The most common cases to treat with Pre-orthodontic $TRAINER^{(R)}$ are lower anterior crowding, anterior open bite, Class II malocclusion and deep bite. Also, it can be used as correction of oral habits. Patients in this cases visited Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry, Dankook University for orthodontic treatment. Pre-orthodontic treatment with Pre-orthodontic $TRAINER^{(R)}$ was carried out for correction of the oral habits.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1997

Skeletal Class III malocclusions are growth-related discrepancies, and the problems are more severe until growth is complete. Causes of skeletal Class III malocclusion are classified into mandibular overgrowth, maxillary deficiency, and combination of the two. Face mask has been recommended for treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency in the early time of growth. Numerous experiments were performed and clinical studies have been reported on face mask ; nevertheless, studies on profile changes and stability after treatment of face mask are considered to be somewhat insufficient. The author selected 50 patients who can be checked for follow-up. They had been diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency and then treated with face mask ; the sample group was divided according to sex, treatment beginning age, palatal suture opening (intraoral appliance). For each group, changing pattern of facial profile and stability of treatment observed, and comparison with 20 Korean normal children(Angle's Class I). The following results were obtained. 1. skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements indicated more changes in the amounts of maxillary forward movement during face mask treatment. 2. R.P.E. group showed more significant maxillofacial changes and La-Li group showed more dental changes. 3. Growth changes of maxilla induced in the treatment group during wearing face mask were much more than those of normal group. 4. Growth changes of maxilla in the treatment group after treatment of face mask were less than those of normal group. From the obtained aata, it can be concluded that there was a stimulative effect on forward growth of maxilla during the use of face mask ; however, on removal of face mask, the stimulative effect was eliminated and undergrowth tendency of maxilla resumed.