• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.433-440
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• 1996

To assess the relationship between serum cholesterol level and dietary intake in obese children, 50 subjects were selected as an obese group and 50 subjects as a normal group depending upon body mass index. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum total cholesterol(TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC) and triglyceride(TG). The dietary intake and information on dietary behavior and family environment were obtained by questionaire using 24 hour dietary recall method for 2-consecutive days. The concentrations of TC, LDLC, HDLC and TG of obese group were estimated to be 193.3mg/dl, 122.5mg/dl, 53.7mg/dl and 86.0mg/dl, respectively. The obese group showed higher TC, LDLC, TG level(p<0.001) and lower HDLC level(p<0.001) than normal group. Food intakes in obese group were similar to those of normal group except meats & fishes(P<0.01), milk & dairy products, fruits(p<0.05), and green & yellow vegetables(p<0.001). Nutrient intakes in obese group exceeded Korean recommended dietary allowance for the corresponding ages. Saturated fatty acid(p<0.05) and cholesterol(p<0.001) intakes in obese group were higher than those of normal group. In correlation analysis, meats & fishes, eggs and milk & dairy products intakes were positively related to serum TC, LDLC and TG ; on the contrary, green & yellow vegetables and fruits intakes were negatively related to serum TC, LDLC and TG ; but positively to HDLC. Obesity index, serum cholesterol level, cholesterol and saturated fatty acid intake were positively correlated with parent's obesity index, frequency of snack per day, eating rate and late snack.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.272-280
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• 2006

This study examined the weight control and food habits in 160 obese children and 191 normal-weight children in 4th, 5th and 6th graders of some elementary schools in Gumi city. Regarding the subjects' self-recognition of their body shape, 27.8% of the normal weight group and 92.5% of the obese group acknowledged themselves to be obese. 58.9% of the normal weight group and 61.0% of the obese group were not satisfied with their own body shape and the difference between two groups was very small, 23.6% of the normal weight group and 87.5% of the obese group have tried to reduce weight. The main causative factor of weight gain that children themselves recognized was a sedentary life style. All the students showed a high rate of irregular and unbalanced diet. The obese children showed a significantly higher rate of skipping meals and eating meals faster than the normal weight children. More obese children disliked exercise, and did less excercise than the normal weight children. There was a negative correlation between the obesity index and the food habit score. In other words, they frequently skip a meals, eat in a hurry and dislike vegetables and dairy products. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the student's BMI and the parents' BMI. Overall, many normal weight children showed a high level of self-consciousness of being obese or underweight. Both groups showed a low degree of satisfaction with their own body shape. Therefore education for the distorted perception of body shape is needed because, even normal weight children have tried to reduce their weight. Obese children should be encouraged to exercise, not skip a meals and eat slowly. They also need a systematic education program on weight reduction and weight maintenance. Moreover, education on a healthy diet, healthy food habits, and healthy body shape are necessary for elementary school children.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-168
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the new effective oriential medicine tretments in pediatric disease and its clinical applicability The study was composed of 1245 new patients who had been treated at the all unit in the Dong-Seo oriential Medicine Hospitial for 1 year, from 1 April 1999 to 31 March 2000, and aged between 0 and 18 years. The chief complaint was mainly categorized by oral examination on patients and their care-givers. Result 1. The numbers of children who involved in this study is total 1245: Male children are 668 and female children are 577 children. The sex rate between male and female is 1.15 to 1. 2. Most of the above patients came to the hospital at first time from diseases such as musculoskelectal disease, weakness, asthma, cough, anorexia, common cold, rhiorrhea, sweating, dyspepsia, dematitis, night terror, obesity, stomach, short stature, Besides, they also came to the hospital at first time from various diseases such as epistasxis, pyrexia. Bell's palsy, nocturia, contipation, cerebral palsy, disorder, CVA. diarrhea. stress disease, Allergic disease, Tic disorder. Visual disorder, Kawasaki disease, Pierre Robin's syndrom, hematuria, edema and so on. 3. Looking at the frequent diseases, Respiratory dis. children including asthma, cough, rhiorrhea, sweating, common cold, pyrexia covers 36%, in 399 numbers. digestive dis. children including anorexia, dyspepsia, stomach, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion covers 19%, in 211 numbers. cadiovasculary disease children including arrthymia, terror in frequency, night crying, sediation, Tic disorder covers 8%, in 85 numbers. Hepatobiliary disease children including short stature, dizziness, visual difficulty, sprain, disorder of nail covers 21%, in 238 numbers. renal disease. children including nocturia, hematuria, hemation, disorder of hair, menorrhea, cerebral palsy, edema in 44 numbers. Fatigue children covers 13%. in 143 numbers. 4. In case of respatory disease children. total number is 399 children. dematitis children are 108 numbers and asthma children are 96 numbers. These show that children seem to the best have dematitis and asththma. The age from 0 to 6 is 290 numbers, covering 73 percentage. The others are covering 27 percentage. These data demonstrate that the age from 0 to 6 age could easily get these kinds - of diseases. The 29 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring. The 28 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in autumn. These show that children seem to frequently have these kinds of diseases in both spring and autumn season.(inter-season) 5. In case of digestive disease, anorexia covers 39%, in 83 numbers, dyspepsia covers 28%, in 59 numbers, anorexia and dyspepsia were the lagest group in digestive disease and the age from 0 to 6 covers 59%, in 125 numbers and the other age covers 39%. According to these data, infant seems to be vulnerable to these kinds of diseases. The 24 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in spring and summer. The 33 percent of children had these kinds of diseases in winter, which means that children mostly had winter. but decreased significant in autumn. 6. In case of cadiovasculary diseases, it can be divided into two categories: night covers 73% and nervous characteristics covers 27%. The age from 0 to 6 occupies 75%, and the other age occupies 25%. These data also show that infants can easily infected with these kinds of diseases. Analyzing by the season, summer could be the most frequent season that children have these kinds of diseases. but decreased in autumn. 7. In case of hepatobiliary children, sprains covers 166 numbers, fatigue covers 32 numbers, epistasxia covers 24 members, the reasion which sprain occupyied most of % were sprain covered ages. The age from 0 to 14 covers 59% and from 15 to 18 covers 41%. In the conclusion the adolescent seems to be vulnerable to sprains. In spring 29%, insummer 31%, in autumn 23%, and in winter 28% of children got these kinds of diseases, which show that children seems to have this kinds of disease in summer season. and decreased in autumn. 8. In case of renal disease. nocturia and hematuria covers 52%(occupied overhalf). The age from 0 to 6 covers 52%(occupied overhalf). Analyzing by season, in spring increased in summer(59%), decreased in autumn(45%) Conclusion 1. The chief complant in pediatric diseases that needed an oriental medical tretment was mainly the disease that tends to take iong time and the weakness. and appeared frequency in respiratory disease : 2. The oriential medical tretment was still preferred as a way to improve the weakness by patients, rather than a way to overcome their disease. In paticular, the study shows that the oriental medical tretment should be emphasized in terms of preventing the disease 3, The new disease, which were developed with the change of human life and envir oment(just like seual disorder, short stature, obesity, dynamic disorder, examinee disease), should be in vestigated as a new field of oriental medical tretment.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2015

This study investigated the demand of nutrition education programs among preschooler's parents. Focus group interview was conducted four times with 29 parents of preschool children. Most subjects appeared to have interest in nutrition education; 'very interested' (58.6%), 'somewhat interested' (20.7%). Sources of nutrition information were 'internet' (35.1%), 'books' (21.6%), 'newspaper or magazines' (13.5%), 'family or relatives' (13.5%), 'media' (8.1%), 'preschool' (5.4%) and 'hospital or public health center' (2.7%) in order. The most frequently mentioned health problems related to dietary behavior were atopy and obesity. Major concerns for children's dietary behavior was picky eating habits, and having questions for how to deal with this problem. Most subjects had trouble with obtaining an adequate amount of dietary supplements for their children. Nutrition education for parents about food labeling and information on processed foods was in demand. Preferred methods of nutrition education for children were playing games with stickers, gardening vegetables, and participating in cooking. Attitudes toward computer-assisted education materials, one of the methods of nutrition education, appeared to be ambivalent. Some preschool parents showed negative attitudes towards exposing their children to electronic devices at an early age, whereas others showed positive attitudes. Subjects were interested in meal-planning and ways to balance nutrients for their child. Parents preferred attending professional lectures to receive reading materials or searching websites as an adult nutrition education method. Results of this study have implications on providing basic information for developing nutrition education programs for preschoolers and their parents. Future research should focus on developing nutrition education programs for both preschools and the home.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.562-574
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• 2006

The study compared eating and physical activity related behaviors and self-esteem between healthy weight and obese children by presenting 175 primary school students in Busan City and Gyeongsang province with a self-reported questionnaire and Coopersmith's self-esteem inventory. The questionnaire was composed of 25 items, weighted primarily by a Likert scale. The self-esteem inventory presented to the students comprised 25 'Yes' or 'No' response questions to different statements. The study found obese children were more likely to think they always had to control their weight (p=0.000), reportedly measuring their weights significantly more than the healthy weight children. Also the study found that obese children are significantly more likely than healthy weight children to go on a diet, however neither group were successful in losing weight as the duration of the diet in 79.5% of the total sample lasted no longer than one week. In comparison to healthy weight children, obese children reported that they consumed fewer snacks during the day, avoided snacking subsequent to an evening meal and exercised more frequently for as long as physically possible. Interestingly, we found no difference of reported self-esteem between groups, though the obese group were more likely to answer that their parents did not understand them (p=0.055) Based on these findings, we concluded that the obese children who participated in the study were more aware of their body weights than the healthy weights children. It may be necessary to investigate further the relationship between self-esteem and participants' weights while considering other variables such as personality and body image.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.576-583
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• 2008

Purpose : The identification of specific behaviors conducive to overeating or inactivity is the cornerstone of obesity management. The Committee on Nutrition of the Korean Pediatric Society developed parent and self-reporting questionnaires about eating behavior and physical activity in 2006. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the questionnaires in assessing modifiable lifestyle factors related to obesity. Methods : A retrospective chart review was performed for 177 children (6-11 years old) and 134 adolescents (12-16 years old) from 10 hospitals between May 2006 and January 2007 who had completed parent or self-reporting questionnaires. Cases were divided into normal and overweight groups at or above the age-gender-specific 85th percentile based on 2007 Korean national growth charts. Results : Compared to children, the adolescents tended to have a significantly more sedentary lifestvle and inappropriate dietary behaviors significantly (P<.05). Overweight mothers were significantly associated with overweight children and adolescents (P<.05). Being overweight was significantly associated with a family history of adult diseases for children and adolescents (P<.05). Inappropriate eating behaviors (strong appetite, eating fast, eating until they were full, binge eating, favoring greasy foods) were associated with being overweight in children and adolescents. Sedentary activity such as TV viewing and using a computer were significantly associated with overweight in children and adolescents (P<.05). Conclusion : Intervention to modify obesity-related lifestyle factors is needed before adolescence. These questionnaires are useful in identifying modifiable lifestyle factors and in individual counseling for overweight children and adolescents in pediatric clinics.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.892-897
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and risk factors for metabolic derangement in young adults with childhood-onset hypopituitary growth hormone deficiency (ACOHGHD). Methods: Thirty patients with ACOHGHD who were treated with hormone-replacement therapy, aged 18 to 29 years, who visited the Seoul National University Children's Hospital between September 2009 and February 2010 were enrolled. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure were measured, and the clinical and hormonal features were reviewed retrospectively. We evaluated measures of metabolic derangement in the enrolled patients and in the data of healthy adults aged 20 to 29 years taken from the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) as part of the National Cholesterol Education Program-the Adult Treatment Panel III. Results: Compared with the KNHANES participants, patients with ACOHGHD had significantly large waist circumference (men and women), high systolic blood pressure (BP) (women) and diastolic BP (men), and high serum triglyceride levels (women). The duration of illness correlated significantly with central obesity ($r^2$=0.546, $P$=0.003). The prevalence of MetS was 10% in patients with ACOHGHD and 2.3% in KNHANES participants. The prevalence of central obesity and MetS was higher in patients with ACOHGHD than in KNHANES participants ($P$<0.001 and $P$=0.042, respectively). Conclusion: Abdominal obesity correlated with the duration of illness in patients with ACOHGHD. Waist circumference should be measured in the clinic to prevent MetS, particularly in patients with a long history of ACOHGHD, regardless of age or sex.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.533-537
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• 2014

Purpose: Obesity is related to systemic inflammatory processes causing cardiovascular complications. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD40 ligand (CD40L), P-selectin are newly described mediators of inflammation and have a significant effect in atherosclerosis. Adiponectin has shown anti-inflammatory effects in adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin and inflammatory mediators in children and adolescents. Methods: Fifty children or adolescents, twenty two with a body mass index (BMI) over 95th percentile, and twenty eight with a BMI below 75th percentile were included in the study. Serum soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1), P-selectin, CD40L, lipid profiles, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose and insulin were measured to evaluate associations with adiponectin. Comparison of these variables was performed between the obese and the nonobese group. Results: We found a adiponectin to be significant lower and sICAM-1 significant higher in the obese group compared to the nonobese group, but there were no significant differences in P-selectin and soluble CD40L. Adiponectin was negatively associated with ICAM-1 and P-selectin in the obese group. Conclusion: Negative associations of adiponectin with ICAM-1 and P-selectin in obese children and adolescents suggest that serum adiponectin level may represent the inflammatory status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the statistical indicators of OECD and Korea for student health among Korea's approval statistics. Methods: Searching for health indicators by using Health at a Glance 2009, Society at a Glance 2009, and Education at a Glance 2009 through the formal OECD web site in 2010, and investigating the approval statistics through the Korean formal organizational web sites and published data in 2012. Results: Among OECD indicators, indicators for adolescent health were smoking and alcohol consumption, nutrition, physical activity, overweight and obesity, bullying, risk behaviors, and poverty children. However, most of Korea student health indicators were missing except poverty children and life satisfaction, because OECD has taken chiefly data from Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey (HBSC), international study, which has not been carried out in Korea. The Ministry Of Education, Science And Technology (MEST) and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and National Youth Policy Institute in Korea have produced the major statistics for student health which was only 11 (1.3%) among 858 approval statistics. Conclusion: Identifying a current Korea school health is essential through participating actively to OECD whose statistic indicators are internationally comparable with Students Physical Development Survey, MEST's approval statistics, using Korea Student Health Examination. It was also suggested that quantitative and qualitative expansions for Korea student health statistics by the activation of approval statistics including processed statistics, and by researchers' easy expanded access to a raw data.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 2008

Objectives: This study examined to explain the practical health behaviour and health-related quality of life, and their influencing factors in high school students. Methods: Total of 718 high school students from 1 school in Seoul were assessed with a self-administered questionnaire regarding general characteristics, health related characteristics, obesity index(Height and weight calculated by using the relative weight law: obesity group>20%, overweight group $10{\sim}20%$, normal weight group $-10{\sim}10%$, under weight group <-10%), health behaviour in school-aged children(eating, exercise and weight control) and health-related quality of life(PedsQLTM4.0 Generic Core Scale: physical health, emotional functioning, social functioning, school functioning). Results: Major results were as follows. 1. The rate of obesity by obesity index was 5.3% of high school students. Obesity incidence in adolescents was mainly associated with gender and parents whether obesity. 2. Perceived health status was lower in obese adolescents than in normal adolescents. 3. The rate of miss a breakfast was 37.9%, and obesity group than normal weight group were fruits, vegetables and milk intake at least, a lot of fastfood intake. During the past week, followed by intense physical activity, and overweight consumed a lot of time for TV and the Internet. Overall, under weight group and normal weight group belong to the students evaluated fatter than themselves. Weight control for weight loss, gain and maintain was grater in obesity group than in normal weight group. Weight loss showed highest scores in overweight group which appeared significant difference. 4. Obese adolescents compared with other groups, reported lower total QOL score and all QOL in domain, and especially social functioning showed significant differences. 5. Factors influencing the adolescents's QOL were found to be gender, perceived health status and exercise. Conclusions: High school girls were aware of their bad health status and likely to improve the QOL by practicing health behaviour. But obese adolescents were likely to degrade the quality of life by reducing the practice of health behaviors. So further school-based education about proper practical health behaviors and obesity prevention is necessary.