• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that was not diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but only in adulthood. Methods: The characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were compared with those of patients diagnosed in childhood were assessed via a retrospective review of the medical records at one university hospital from 2005 to 2013. If the age at which they were confirmed as having ADHD was less than 19 years old, they were grouped as childhood-diagnosed group (CD); if they were 19 years old or more, they were grouped as adulthood-diagnosed group (AD). Results: The CD and AD included 50 (46.3%) and 58 (53.7%) patients, respectively. Inattention was the most common symptom in both groups. Behavioral and emotional problems were the second most frequent symptoms in the CD and AD, respectively. The intelligent quotient was significantly higher in the AD than in the CD. The most common comorbidity was depression in the CD and personality disorder in the AD. The most common reason for visiting the hospital was referral by acquaintances in the CD and media coverage in the AD. Conclusion: Clinicians should put ADHD on the index of suspicion when they examine adults with various psychiatric symptoms, because the diagnosis of ADHD might have been missed in childhood and the symptoms of ADHD might have changed as they grew up.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.20-30
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• 2013

Objectives Sleep is closely related to children's and adolescent's growth. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the frequency of symptoms associated with sleep in childhood and adolescence and the impact in their growth. Methods This study had used questionnaire targeting 1001 children and adolescents. 532 of them were visited the Department of Pediatrics, the Oriental Medicine Hospital of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$University located in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, during the period between May and September in 2012. 469 of them were students in the lower grades at ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$Elementary School located in Gangnam-gu, Seoul, during June, 2012. We used PASW Statistics 18.0 to analyze the relation between growth and symptoms associated with sleep by using Independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results As the result of this research, snoring(54.9%), sleep bruxism(34.2%), sleep talking(31.5%), sleep terror(17.1%) were most frequently seen as symptoms associated with sleep. Group of habitual snoring($p=0.008^{**}$) and sleep terror($p=0.016^*$) had lower height percentile than other groups. Groups with sleep talking($p=0.022^*$) had lower weight percentile than group without sleep talking. Groups with sleep talking($p=0.018^*$) or sleep walking($p=0.045^*$) had lower BMI percentile, and group with habitual sleep apnea($p=0.039^*$) had higher BMI percentile. Conclusions Symptoms during sleep such as snoring, sleep bruxism, sleep talking, and sleep terror occur frequently among children and adolescents. More importantly, snoring, sleep terror, and sleep talking may be associated with growth of children and adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2003

Background： Recently, adolescent obesity was increased and tended to become obese adults, facing increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease. Even before reaching adulthood, adolescent obesity already was experiencing hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to find prevalence of obesity of high school students in Jeju island and association between obesity and cardiovascular risk factors and association between childhood obesity and adolescent obesity. Method： The study subjects were 6,064 students of twenty-two high school in Jeju island and health survey data was gathered from high school health examination data and hospital health examination data from Aug. 1999 to Dec. 1999. Adolescent obesity was evaluated by ideal body weight method in 1998 and body mass index. Cardiovascular risk factors were checked total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar. In 1,534 students, obesity at primary school is checked by primary and middle school health record. Results： Prevalence of obesity in Jeju island high school students is 12.6% in male students, 13.3% in female students by ideal body weight method and 8.7% in male students, 8.5% in female students by body mass index. Prevalence of obesity of male students in city area and district area of Jeju island were each 12.9%, 10.3% and that of male students in city area was significantly higher. Prevalence of obesity of female students in city area and district area of Jeju island were each 12.9%, 14.2% and not significantly different. Prevalence of obesity of male students in general and commercial school group were each 13.9%, 10.1% and that of general school group was significantly higher. In female students, Prevalence of obesity general and commercial school group was not significantly different. Total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly associated with degree of obesity in male and female students(p＜0.05) and fasting blood sugar was only significantly associated with degree of obesity in male students(p＜0.05). In 1,514 students checked by health record, Odds ratio of obesity at primary and middle school that at high school were 12.96∼22.77 and was significantly associated. Conclusion： Prevalence of obesity of high school students in Jeju island is very high and adolescent obesity was significantly associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Mostly childhood obesity tended to become adolescent obesity and program of control of obesity at childhood and adolescence is required.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1995

To provide the physician with adequate information to diagnose and treat sleepwalking and sleep terrors, the author reviewed clinical features, epidemiology, causative and precipitating factors, polysomnography, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment for these disorders. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors have been defined as disorders of arousal that occur early in the night and have their onset during stage 3 or 4 sleep. In both disorders, patients are difficult to arouse, and complete amnesia or minimal recall of the episode is frequent. Genetic, developmental, and psychological factors have been identified as causes of both sleepwalking and sleep terrors. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors typically begin in childhood or early adolescence and are usually outgrown by the end of adolescence. When sleepwalking or sleep terrors have a post-pubertal onset or continue to adulthood, psychopathology is a more significant causative factors. The behavior that occur from deep slow-wave sleep can be painful or dangerous to the individual and/or disturbing to those close to that individual. The assessment of patients suspected of having these conditions requires a thorough medical and sleep history. The most important consideration in managing patients with sleepwalking or sleep terrors episodes is protection from injury.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2022

Using a person-centered approach, the current study investigated latent profiles for the emotional and behavioral problems of students in sixth-grade in elementary school and second grade of middle school. The aim was to explore latent transition patterns and verify the factors affecting the transitions. The participants were 1,937 adolescents who responded to the 3^rd year (6^th grade of elementary school; Time 1), 4^th year (1^st grade of middle school), and 5^th year (2^nd grade of middle school; Time 2) of the Korean Children Youth Panel Study. Latent profile and latent transition analyses were performed. The results were as follows: first, the latent profile of emotional and behavioral problems changed from Time 1 to Time 2. The latent groups at Time 1 were classified into low, moderate, high, and externalizing-dominant, whereas at Time 2, five groups were identified: low, moderate, high, externalizing-dominant, and withdrawal-dominant. Second, transition analyses revealed that although 22.3-57.0% of latent groups remained unchanged, there were significant changes over time between groups, as a new group ('withdrawal-dominant') emerged in Time 2. Third, different factors influenced the latent profile transition of emotional and behavioral problems depending on the transition pattern. Higher levels of self-esteem, better relationships with peers and teachers, and lower levels of parental inconsistency meant emotional and behavioral problems had not worsened at Time 2. The results suggest that early interventions are needed during the transition from childhood to early adolescence.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the necessity of providing new perspectives by conveying the various psychological changes and realities experienced by victims of incest sexual violence after the incident, And it is meaningful to understand and record it through. The results of the analysis through the phenomenological methodology are as follows: First, participants were disturbed by the emotional neglect of their parents and forced violence, threats, and silence by their family members, resulting in disbelief in interpersonal relationships and low self-esteem and suffered constant difficulties in daily life. Second, the suffering and aftereffects of sexual violence experienced the conflict of roles by repeating the real maladjustment and social activity avoidance as the fear of being informed about the event, the negative thought about oneself, and the difficulty of interpersonal relationship. Third, the aftereffects of incest sexual violence in childhood·adolescence were found to be extreme with regard to PTSD. The PTSD experience has become a factor that forces participants to rely on substances, such as psychiatric medications and alcohol, and further avoids external activities with hallucinations and delusions. Fourth, the change through the adaptation process is a new perspective on life, facing and separating the events. During the adaptation program, they tried to express their words and feelings that they could not express because of the past hurts, to set goals for living their life, and to move forward. The experience of overcoming reality has enhanced participants' confidence in self-esteem, self-efficacy, and healthy self-control ability. In this study, it is meaningful to suggest a model in which the incest sexual violence trauma is reexperienced through the new daily crisis and the new adaptation process is repeated for each process.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2011

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood and adolescence. Untreated hypertension adversely affects many organs including heart, brain, kidney and peripheral arteries. We reviewed the complication of central nervous system caused by pediatric hypertension. Cerebral blood flows are maintained constantly in response to changes in blood pressure by cerebral autoregulation. Severe hypertension which destructs cerebral autoregulation results in acute hypertensive encephalopathy syndrome, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Chronic pediatric hypertension induces learning disability and cognitive defect which are subclinical symptom prior to brain damage caused by severe hypertension. We should consider the effect of hypertension on pediatric brain because appropriate antihypertensive drugs could prevent these complications.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.141-165
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• 2001

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is one of the most common childhood-onset psychlatric disorders. It is distinguished by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD may be accompanied by learning disabilities, depression, anxiety, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. The etiology of ADHD is unknown, and the disorder may have several different causes. Individual with ADHD present in childhood and may continue to show symptoms as they enter adolescence and adult life. Public interest in ADHD has increased along with debate in the media concerning the diagnostic process and treatment strategies. The purpose of this study is oriental medical approach to ADHD. This study was progressed for oriental diagnosis and treatment for ADHD. In oriental medicine, the reason of ADHD was deficiency of the kidney, hyperactivity of the liver(腎虛肝亢), deficiency of the heart and the spleen(心脾不足), heart disturbed by phlegm and heat(痰熱擾心). The method of medical treatment was nourishing the kidney and checking exuberance of yang(滋腎潛陽), relieving mental stress and promoting wisdom(寧神益智), nourishing the heart and strengthening the spleen(養心健脾), tranquilzation(安神定志). removing heat-phlegm(淸熱化痰), inducing resuscitation and tranquilzation(開窮安神). The prescription was commonly used as Liuwei Dihuang Wan jiajian(六味地黃丸加減), Guipi Tang he Ganmai Dazao Tang jiajian(歸脾湯合甘麥大棗湯加減), Huanglian Wendan Tang jiawei(溫黃連溫膽湯加味). It should help primary care providers in their assessment of a common child health problem.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.922-934
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• 2008

Developmental language disorder is the most common developmental disability in childhood, occurring in 5-8% of preschool children. Children learn language in early childhood, and later they use language to learn. Children with language disorders are at increased risk for difficulties with reading and written language when they enter school. These problems often persist through adolescence or adulthood. Early intervention may prevent the more serious consequences of later academic problems, including learning disabilities. A child's performance in specific speech and language areas, such as phonological ability, vocabulary comprehension, and grammatical usage, is measured objectively using the most recently standardized, norm-referenced tests for a particular age group. Observation and qualitative analysis of a child's performance supplement objective test results are essential for making a diagnosis and devising a treatment plan. Emphasis on the team approach system in the evaluation of children with speech and language impairments has been increasing. Evidence-based therapeutic interventions with short-term, long-term, and functional outcome goals should be applied, because there are many examples of controversial practices that have not been validated in large, controlled trials. Following treatment intervention, periodic follow-up monitoring by a doctor is also important. In addition, a systematized national health policy for children with speech and language disorders should be provided.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.115-134
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between latent classes of childhood maltreatment and depression anxiety and aggression from childhood to adolescence. 1,785 participants in a sample form Seoul Panel Study of Children were used in this study. Using latent class analysis, three classes of child maltreatment were identified: 'low maltreatment'(89.2%), 'physical+emotional abuse+neglect'(1.9%), 'physical+emotional abuse'(8.9%). Three developmental trajectories of depression anxiety were classified: 'low depression anxiety'(72.3%), 'moderate depression anxiety'(23.3%), 'high depression anxiety'(4.4%). Two developmental trajectories of aggression were revealed: 'low aggression'(89.3%), 'high aggression'(10.7%). As estimated by latent transition probability, the multiple maltreatment classes were more likely to have higher levels of depression anxiety or aggression than the no maltreatment class. There appeared to be distinct profiles of maltreatment among adolescents that had differential associations to measures of internal and external problems. The implications for both practice and policy implications are also discussed.