• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

Pharmacotherapy is considered the first line therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Many patients also choose complementary medicine such as dietary supplements. Omega-3 has shown some efficacy for improving ADHD symptoms in several studies. The goal of this review is to integrate the previous research findings on omega-3 and understand the issues worth considering in the treatment of ADHD. The terms "attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity", "omega-3", and "dietary supplements" were searched on PubMed, Cochrane, and Google scholar. The search was further limited to clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses. Trials that examined treatments for ADHD, used randomized design, and placebo-controlled trials were included. Eighteen clinical trials with a total of 1,141 participants were included in this review. Fifteen trials had parallel designs, comparing an omega-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) or a combination of both to a placebo and three compared omega-3/6 PUFAs to a placebo and psycho-stimulants. Seven of the included trials showed significant improvements in groups receiving omega-3/6 PUFAs compared to placebo groups, however, 11 trials showed no significant differences. Evidence that PUFAs supplementation provides benefits for ADHD was yet limited. Mixed results were due to selection variability criteria, variability of supplementation, and short follow-up intervals.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2020

Objectives: Although aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has previously shown correlations with hyperactivity/impulsivity, few studies have examined its association with inattention or the effect of working memory on aggressive behavior. This study aimed to assess the relationship between inattention and aggressive behavior and the effect of working memory on the relationship between inattention and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Thirty-one children and 26 adolescents with ADHD were retrospectively investigated. The subjects completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (K-WISC-IV), the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and the Korean Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Results: Inattention was positively correlated with aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD and working memory showed an insignificant correlation. However, working memory had a significant moderating effect on aggressive behavior by interacting with inattention. The moderating effect of working memory manifested when the working memory index score on the K-WISC-IV was 73.5 points or higher, and it had a significant effect on aggressive behavior. Conclusion: This study shows that the severity of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity should be addressed to provide appropriate treatment to children and adolescents with ADHD who exhibit aggressive behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to determine whether children with Tourette disorder (TD) have functional impairment and executive dysfunction in comparison to children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-affected controls. Methods : From January 2006 to December 2013, 45 children and adolescents with TD and 50 children and adolescents with ADHD diagnosed at the Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital and 50 non-affected controls were enrolled in this study. Functional impairment of the subjects was assessed using the Child and Adolescents Functioning Impairment Scale (CAFIS), parent and teacher versions. In addition, neuropsychological tests including Stroop color-word Test, Finger windows Test (FWT), and Digit span were administered. Outcomes were compared across the TD, ADHD, and non-affected controls. Results : No difference in CAFIS-parent and CAFIS-teacher results was observed between children with TD and non-affected controls, whereas, children with ADHD showed more impairments relative to non-affected controls in the CAFIS-parent. According to the Stroop color-word Test, FWT, and Digit span, executive function in children with TD did not differ from non-affected controls. Children with ADHD had poorer performance in measures of the Stroop color-word Test compared to children with TD. Conclusion : Children and adolescents with TD but not ADHD were not significantly different from non-affected controls on most measures of functional impairment and executive function. These findings suggest that an education program and intervention for children with TD would be important to reducing the stigma of TD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 1996

In this thesis, we investigate the psychosocial variables within the family environments of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with (ADHD+CD/ODD) or without (ADHD) externalizing symptoms. The subjects in this research were 86 boys and girls(aged range 6 to 14 years) consisted of 20 ADHD, 22 comorbid ADHD(ADHD+CD/ODD) and 44 normal control group(NC). We have collected data on children and their mothers. The psychosocial variables included in the analysis are socioeconomic status, parent's educational level, life stress event, and the rate of psychiatric disorders in relatives. The self-reported questionnaires marital discord(MAS), parenting stress(PSI), and parenting attitute(MBRI) completed by mothers. The results indicated that ADHD+CD/ODD is supposed to have higher level of family adversity suggested by the lower SES, lower parental educational level, higher life stress events, and more psychic disorders in relatives compared with ADHD or normal control group. In MAS, ADHD+CD/ODD group has significantly the lowest scores on each factor of the measure of marital adjustment. Parents of ADHD+CD/ODD are much more likely to have positive parenting stress when compared with the parents of ADHD. Especially, mothers of ADHD+CD/ODD have the lowest tendency in the mean score on affective, accepted attitudd. In an inapropriate parenting attitude perceived by children, father of ADHD+CD/ODD have the most negative, contradictory attitude and mothers of ADHD+CD/ODD have the most restrictive, negative and contradictory attitude.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2006

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder, characterized by the primary symptoms of inattention and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity. This study is a clinical report of 1 ADHD child treated witb typical Oriental Medical Tberapy(Herb-med, acupunture, etc,) in Combination with Neurofeedback. Conner's parent rating scale, ADHD Diagnostic System were compared between before and after treatment. The results show the typical Oriental Medical Tberapy in Combination with Neurofeedback is efficient in the treatment of ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.87-103
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention program for decreasing inattentive and impulsive behaviors of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) by combining cognitive training and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Subjects were 22 children who were classified as ADHD. Eleven children among the 22 were placed randomly in the experimental group; the remaining 11 children were placed in the control group. The effectiveness of the program was analyzed by ANCOVA after controlling for effects of pre-tests on criterion variables. Results of the present study showed that the cognitive intervention program was significantly effective for improving attention span and decreasing impulsivity of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2017

Objectives: Executive dysfunctions including working memory deficit have been suggested to be one of the major neuropsychological etiologies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the augmentative effects of working memory training on the behavioral problems, quality of life, and parental stress of medicated children with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-five children with ADHD, aged 9 to 19 years, who were being treated with ADHD medication, were included. The participants were trained with a commercially available and computerized working memory program ($Cogmed^{(R)}$) for 5 weeks without any alteration of their medication. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life measure, and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) were administered before training, and 4 weeks and 7 months after training, respectively. Results: After completing the training, the anxiety/depression, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, aggressive behavior, and externalizing problems scores in the CBCL were significantly reduced. The score on the Parent-child dysfunctional interaction in the PSI-SF was also decreased. However, the scores related to the quality of life were not changed. These changes were still observed 7 months after the training. Conclusion: Cogmed working memory training can be a promising training option for the additional improvement of behavioral problems and parental stress in medicated children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2001

Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) has been considered as the disorder occurring during childhood, the prevalence is increasing among adolescents and adults. The prevalence rate varies from 2.0 to 14.3% due to the difference of diagnostic criteria, different assessment methods, or subjects' age difference. Therefore, it needs to make age specific(i.e., for children, for adolescents, and for adults) assessment tools. Authors translated Conners-Wells Adolescents Self-Report Scales(short form)[CASS(S)] in to Korean to get validity and reliability as a way of development of assessment tool for adolescent with ADHD in Korea. CASS(S) was translated and corrtected by three psychiatrists and one clinical psychologist. To examine the concurrent validity and test-retest validity, CASS(S) was applied with K-YSR on one class of each grade in a middle school in Seoul with two week interval(total 115：male 58, female 57). To test validity, authors analysed and got Cronbach's as internal consistency. Construct validity was done by principal axis factor analysis on 4,354 students. As a result, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was .88, Pearson coefficient for test-retest reliability .83, and coefficient for concurrent validity .65. And in the factor analysis to examine construct validity, three factors were revealed as cognition, hyperactivity, and conduct. These results shows that CASS(S) may be useful tool for adolescents with ADHD, although there was a limit not to be done the comparison with clinical groups.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.396-404
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the level of quality of family life, parental locus of control, and parental sense of competence, and to elucidate factors that influence family quality of life in the mothers of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Method: A convenient sample of mothers from 6 child psychiatric clinics was used in this cross-sectional survey design. Questionnaires used for data collection included the following scales: Family Quality of Life, Parental Locus of Control-Short Form Revised, Parental Sense of Competence. Results: The level of family quality of life was mid-range. A positive relationship was found between Family Quality of Life and the research variables. The significant predictors of family quality of life were parental locus of control, parental sense of competence, and duration of medication and these variables accounted for 21.8% of the variance in family quality of life. Conclusions: These results indicate that family quality of life is an important factor which health care provider should assess and evaluate for children with ADHD and their families. The results of this study suggest that family quality of life is an important link with parental sense of competence and parental locus of control.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the prenatal, perinatal and developmental risk factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared to unaffected siblings (SIB), and typically developing children (TC). Methods : Subjects with ADHD, their SIB, and TC were recruited from the child psychiatry outpatient clinic of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. The parents of the children completed questionnaires on perinatal and developmental risk factors. Results : Fifty-eight subjects with ADHD (41 boys, $7.7{\pm}1.3years$), 21 SIB (8 boys, $8.2{\pm}1.8years$), and 22 TC (8 boys, $8.5{\pm}2.1years$) were included. The ADHD group showed higher rates of maternal stress during pregnancy than the SIB group (p=.002), and the ADHD group showed higher rates of familial psychiatric history than the TC (odds ratio, 8.76 ; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 45.45). Conclusion : These findings suggest that among perinatal and developmental factors, maternal stress during pregnancy contribute to the development of ADHD. Future prospective studies will be needed in order to determine the causal relationship between perinatal risk factors and development of ADHD.