• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.25-45
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of pilocarpine-containing chewing gum for the treatment of xerostomia and to compare the effect of pilocarpine-containing chewing gum with that of pilocarpine oral administration. The 20 subjective and objective xerostomic patients were included in this study and divided into 3 groups. Five subjects were included in gum base chewing group, 10 in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing, and 5 in pilocarpine oral administration. The author measured unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, stimulated parotid salivary flow rate, pH of resting whole saliva, viscosity of stimulated whole saliva, and subjective symptoms and discomforts using VAS(visual analogue scale) at the beginning of the experiment. And the author investigated the changes of these factors at 1, 2, 3, and 4 week after. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There were significant increases in the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. 2. There was a significant increase in the stimulated parotid salivary flow rate in pilocarpine- containing gum chewing group. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine- containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. 3. The change of salivary pH showed the increasing pattern in all groups. But there was no significant difference among groups. 4. There were no significant changes in the values of salivary viscosity in all groups through the experimental period. 5. There were significant decreases of VAS(visual analogue scale) in the degree of subjective symptoms and discomforts in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine- containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.347-359
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pilocarpine containing chewing gum on anti-microbial components in whole saliva of xerostomic patients, The objective xerostomic patients were instructed to use 5mg-pilocarpine containing chewing gum for 20minutes three times per day, and the author measured the flow rates of unstimulated whole saliva and stimulated whole saliva at the beginning the treatment, 1,2,3, and 4 weeks after. The concentration and flow rate of anti-microbial components in whole saliva were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The obtained results were as follows: 1. There were significant increase in the unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 2. The concentrations of IgA in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed increasing pattern but, no significant changes, arid the flow rates of IgA in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 3. The concentrations of IgM in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed increasing pattern but, no significant changes, and the flow rates of IgM in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 4. The concentrations of lactoferrin in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes, and the flow rates of lactoferrin in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed significant increase after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients. 5. The concentrations of lysozyme in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes, and the flow rates of lysozyme in the unstimulated whole saliva showed significant increase, but in stimulated whole saliva showed no significant changes after using pilocarpine-containing chewing gum in xerostomic patients.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.577-589
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• 2002

There are several variations in normal mastication. In them, unilateral mastication is chewing, predominantly on a preferred side of the dentition and hardly on e non-preferred side. Continual unilateral mastication may alter the coordination of masticatory muscles. Although they studied about these EMG of masticatory muscles, there were no information about characteristics of masticatory muscle activity in unilateral mastication. Therefore, In this study, we investigated the activity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles during rest, clenching in maximum intercuspation and gum chewing in habitually unilateral mastication group compared with normal group and tried to know effects of continual unilateral mastication on activity of masticatory muscles. The results of this study were as follows 1. In electromyographic activity during rest, in bilateral mastication group pattern of muscle activity of right and left side was symmetrical. But, in unilateral mastication group, records of anterior part of temporal muscle was higher than that of bilateral mastication group (p<.01) and patterns of muscle activity of right and left side in both muscle were asymmetrical.(p<.05) 2. In electromyographic activity during clenching in maximum intercuspation, records of superficial part of masseter muscle were higher than anterior part of temporal muscle in both group. Muscle activity of temporal muscle in unilateral mastication group was a little higher han bilateral mastication group and asymmetry of activity pattern in temporal and masseter muscle was shown but these differences were not statistically significant. (p<.05) 3. In electromyographic activity during gum chewing, temporal muscle was activated earlier than masseter muscle and maximum bite force is derived from masseter muscle in both group. In unilateral mastication group, electromyographic activity of masseter and temporal muscle of preferred chewing side, regardless of right or left side chewing, was higher than that of bilateral mastication group and especially, difference in masseter muscle was statistically significant. (p<.01) Based on the above results, our study suggested that recording of masticatory muscle activity will be helpful in the effective diagnosis and treatment of some types of the parafunctional habits.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.117-124
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• 1986

경북대학교 치과대학에 재학중인 남자 17명, 여자 7명 총 24명을 연구대상으로 M.K.G의 sweep mode에 나타나는 저작운동을 분석한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 단일 저작회로의 기간은 $515{\pm}87msec.$ 이며, 이중 폐구 기간이 가장 길었고, 개구 기간, centric pause의 기간 순위였다. (P<0.005). 개구시 저작측으로 측방변위한 양은 $3.5{\pm}1mm$이었고, 비저작측으로 측방변위한 양은 $1.0{\pm}0.7mm$이었다. 개구시 최대 수직속도는 $120{\pm}28m/sec.$이며, 폐구시 최대 수직속도는 $109{\pm}21mm/sec.$로서 개구시의 최대 수직속도가 더 빠르게 나타났다. (P<0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the factor that might affect mandibualr body rotation. For the study, 115 patients with temporomandibular disorders and 35 dental students without angy signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were randomly selected as the patient group and the contreol group, respectively. Preferred chewing side, Angle' classification, lateral guidance pattern, and affected side were clinically recorded, and the amount of Mandibular body rotational torque movement was measured in wide opening and closure, in right and left excursion with vertical and lateral distance in frontal plane, right and left rotational angel in horizontal and in frontal plane. Masticatory muscle activity of anteriorocclusal contact pattern on maximal hard biting were also observed synchronously with BioEMG and T-Scan , respectively. The observed items were muscle activity of anterior temporalis and superficial masseter, and tooth contact status related to contact number, force, duration, and occlusal unbalance between right and left arch. The data collected were analyzed by SAS statistical program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Mean value of vertical distance in frontal plane in wide opening and closure was more in control subjects than in patients, but there was no difference for rotational angle. In right excursion, rotational angles were greater in patient group than in control group. 2. Comparison among the subjects by preferred chewing side did not reveal any significant difference, but comparison among patients by affected side showed more rotational amount in bilaterally affected patients than in unilaterally affected patients. 3. Comparison among the subjects by Angle's classification or lateral guidance pattern revealed no difference. There was also no difference between preferred chewing side and contralateral side, and between affected side and contralateral side. 4. Positive correlation in madibular rotational torque movements were observed among vertical distance, total horizontal rotation angle, electromyographic activity of anterior temporalis, tooth contact number, and tooth contact force but total frontal rotation angle almost did not show any correlation with other variables except vertical distance.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.153-168
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• 1994

The aim of the present study was to investigate a relation between occlusal wear area and occlusal contact patterns. For the purpose, occlusal wear area were measured in 58 dental students and in 129 patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMDs) from dental casts. Teeth used in this study were from canine to second molar on both sides in upper arch, totally ten. Occlusal wear area on casts was marked by pencil and photocopies, and then, the area was measured with planimeter. Occlusal relation was clinically examined with regard to Angle's classification, chewing side preference, lateral guidance pattern and bruxing and/or clenching habit. T-Scan, electronic occlusal contact analyzer, was used to record occlusal contact number, contact force, contact time and occlusal balance that is TLR(total left-right statistics) during tooth contact. All measurement were repeated 3 times and the average value was used for data processing. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Mean value of occlusal wear area did not differ significantly between dental students and patients. 2. There ws not significant difference in wear area between chewing side and non-chewing side in both groups. 3. Occlusal wear area was significantly increased with age in both groups. 4. Three subgroups divided by Angle's classification did not show any difference in occlusal wear area among them, but three subgroups divided by lateral guidance pattern showed slightly significant difference between canine guide subgroup and group function subgroup in patients. Occlusal wear ares\a in group function subgroup wear larger than canine guide subgroup. 5. Mean value of wear area in patients with bruxing and/or clenching habit did not differ from those in patients without such habit. 6. Correlationship among items related to occlusal contact pattern were highly consistent and significant in dental students and only one item significantly correlated with occlusal wear area was tooth contact time.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2002

꽃사슴의 효율적인 사양관리를 위한 기초자료의 제시를 위해 근전도(EMG) Telemetry system을 이용한 사슴의 채식행동 조사가 실시되었다. 사슴은 다른 반추가축에 비해 빈번하고 불규칙한 채식행동 양식이 나타났다. 일중 채식과 반추에 소비한 시간은 각각 261분과 291분이었다. 사슴은 반추행동시에 일중 총 647회의 식괴와 1반추기당 평균 21.6회의 식괴를 토출했으며 1식괴당 26.9초의 반추시간을 나타냈다. 반추기간중 총 저작시간은 245.3분이었다. 총 저작수는 20,405회였으며 식괴당 31.5회, 분당 83.4회의 저작회수를 나타냈다. 시간대별 평균 식괴토출수는 09∼15시 사이에 15.3회로 가장 낮았고 15∼21시 사이에 26회로 가장 높았으며 이후 점차 저하되었다. 매 6시간 간격의 1식괴당 평균 저작회수는 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가되었다. 한편 섭취건물 100g당 채식시간과 반추시간은 각각 23.3분과 26.2분이었다. 결과적으로 사슴은 다소 불규칙하고 빈번한 채식과 반추 그리고 적은 식괴크기와 낮은 저작회수 등으로 인해 타 반추가축과는 다른 행동양식을 갖고 있기 때문에 이에 적합한 사양 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2006

최근에 안모에 관심이 증가하면서 안모비대칭에의 불편을 호소하는 환자가 증가하고 있으며 안모 비대칭 평가에는 고가의 3차원적인 영상이 많이 이용되었다. 본 연구에서는 치과영역에서 쉽게 접할 수 있으며 비교적 저렴한 파노라마방사선 사진과 정모방사선 사진을 이용하였다. 안모 비대칭에 대한 골격적인 평가를 하고자 본 연구에 지원한 대상자 중에 특이할만한 전신 질환자나 특이한 교합을 지닌 대상을 제외한 35명을 택하여 파노라마 방사선 사진과 정모 방사선 사진을 촬영하였으며, 저작 형태와 안모 비대칭을 인지하는 정도를 설문지 형식으로 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 파노라마 방사선 사진상의 좌우측 비교에서 하악의 수직적 측정 항목인 Co-Go(p<0.05), Co-Ag(p<0.05)에서 하악각 측정 항목에서는 Co-Go-Ag(p<0.05), Go-Me-Ag(p<0.01) 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2. 파노라마방사선 사진에서 저작측에 따른 평가에서는 하악의 수직적 길이측정치에서 우측 저작자는 Co-Ag(p<0.01) 좌측 저작측에서는 Co-Go(p<0.05)에서 유의성을 보였다. 3. 정모 방사선사진 상의 좌우측 안모비대칭 비교에서는 Cg-Go(p<0.01), 우측 저작자에서는 Co-Ag(p<0.01) 좌측 저작자에서는 Cg-Go(p<0.05)에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 4. 안모비대칭이 있다고 인지하는 군에서 하악의 수직적 측정 항목인 Co-Go(p<0.05)에서 유의성을, 하악각의 측정항목인 Co-Si-Cr(p<0.05), Go-Me-Ag(p<0.05)에서 유의성을 보였다. 안모가 좌측이 더 길다고 인지하는 군에서는 Go-Ag(p<0.05)의 수평적 계측 항목이 우측이 더 길었으며, 우측안모가 길다고 인지하는 군에서는 Co-Go(p<0.05)와 Co-Ag(p<0.01)의 하악의 수직적 측정치에서 유의성을 보였다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.127-141
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the clinical features of internal derangement of temporomandibular joint. For this study, 117 patients with temporomandibular disorders and 81 dental students without any signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were selected as the patients group and as the control group, respectively. Preferred chewing side, Angle's classification, lateral guidance pattern, maximal mouth opening range, and affected side were recorded clinically. Head and shouldeer posture was measured in a groundplate on which square diagram of five centimeters each had been drawn, and cephalograph was also taken for measurement of head and neck posture. Sonopak of Biopak system (Bioresearch inc., USA) was used to record joint vibration for evaluation of internal healthy status of temporomandibular joint. The data collected were analyzed by SAS statistical program. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Frequency of left side chewing subjects was higher in patients than in control group, but there was no difference in distribution of subjects by Angle's classification. Other types was prvalent in patients whereas group function was more in control group for lateral guidance pattern. 2. As to lateral guidance pattern by clinical diagnosis, patients with internal derangement and/or degenerative joint disease showed higher frequency was consistent with the result by Sonopak impression. 3. There was no difference for shoulder height between the two groups, however, tilting of head and backward extension of cervical spine was more frequent in control group. 4. Acromion was positioned more anteriorly in patients with internal derangement and/or degenerative joint disease than in control group and angle between eye and tragus was larger in patients. Patients with degenerative joint disease showed more flexed head posture than control group did in cephalometric profile. 5. Maximal mouth opening range in patients with internal derangement was the least in all subgroups in patients classified by Sonopak impression.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제12권3호통권18호
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• pp.117-130
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to introduce the differential standard of Mok-Hyaeng Radix species. We established the classificatory standard according to the external and internal morphology and the pattern in 4 kinds of Mok-Hyaeng Radix. The results follow: 1. On the external morphology, Radix of Vladimiria souliei had a sticky material in the head of roots and it was yellowish white in the cut surface. It attached to teeth during chewing. Radix of Aucklandia lappa (=Saussurea lappa) was dark grayish brown and was grayish brown in the cut surface. It had special odor and was not attache to teeth chewing it. On the other hand, Radix of Inula helenium was dark brown. In the cut surface, cortical layer was different from wood layer. Radix of Aristolochia contorta was yellowish brown. In the cut surface, it was not smooth and cortical layer was different from wood layer. 2. On the internal morphology, Radix of Vladimiria souliei had many fascicular fibers and scattered large oil chambers in the bast ray, xylem ray, and parenchyma. On Radix of Aucklandia lappa (=Saussurea lappa), it was difficult to find out the trace when the cork layer was exfoliated. The cambium formed circle and the large oil chambers were scattered in the phloem and xylem. On the other hand, external cortical layer of Radix of Inula helenium was detached and cambium was formed to indistinct circle and large oil chambers were scattered in the phloem and xylem. On Radix of Arustolochia contorta, the large oil chambers were scattered in the surface later, bast part was relatively broad and cambium formed circle. 3. On the TLC pattern, Radix of Aristolochia contorta, Inula helenium, Aucklandia lappa, and Vladimiria souliei were chromogenic to violet and purple according to sulfuric acid colour pattern, especially faint on Aristolochia contorta. 4. On the pattern analysis of HPLC, we compared the content and the pattern of constunolide and dehydrocostus lactone, Radix of Aucklandia lappa was similar to Radix of Vladimiria souliei and Radix of Aristolochia contorta was similar to Radix of Inula helenium. On the total HPLC component pattern, constunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were similar in all four types, but it showed the Rf 5-6 peak was only in Radix of Aristolochia contorta, not in Radix of Inula helenium, Aucklandia lappa, and Vladimiria souliei. It is considered the results of this study will be furnished the basis to succeeding studies and it is needed to extensive comparative study for the same genus-degree of relatedness.