• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-17
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• 1996

Acanthopsyche nigraplaga Wileman, Psychidae is reported for the first time from Korea with a brief redescription and illustration of its male genitalia. Their food plants, Gomphrena globosa L., Rhubus parvifolius L. var. triphyllus N., Perilla frutescens B. var. acuta K., Menispermum dahuricum Dc., and Chenopodium album L. are also newly reported.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to utilize the basic data for weed control by surveying the occurrence of weed species and the degree of damages caused by those weeds occurred in cultivated Ligularia fischeri fields. Survey was carried out five times, on May, June, July, August and October in 2013. The weed flora was composed of a total of 104 weeds, 37 families, of which 55 species were annual, 25 species were biennial, and 24 were perennial plants. Twenty-six exotic species were included as well. Dominance was the highest with Chenopodium album followed by Stellaria aquatica, Echiochloa crus-galli, Conyza canadensis, and Artemisia princeps etc. in order. In the PCA plot analysis, weeds occurred in cultivated L. fischeri fields were divided into three groups, Persicaria thunbergii-Bidens frondosa community, Chenopodium album community and Capsella bursapastoris community. The degree of damages in cultivated L. fischeri fields was investigated by weighing roots of L. fischeri. We found that 56% decreased root weight in no weeding plots comparing to that in weed management plots. We infer from this result that decreased roots will affect to the growing of L. fischeri in following year.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2013

This study was carried out of investigate the effect of weed control methods on the growth of 'campbell early' grape at the vineyards which was divided into the 18 zone ($3.5m{\times}5.5m/zone$) in the grape research institute. It's investigated control effects, growth and quantity of grape and dominant weed of July~August by sprayed glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride each 3 times, fabric covering, grass planting (Festuca myuros), mechanical weeding (3 times). The weed showed total of 16 species at the vineyards. Late-May to early growth stage of grape was dominated Chenopodium album and Trifolium repens, but to late growth stage of grape from mid-July was dominated Erigeron canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album. Weed control effect of 10 day after treatment showed fabric covering 100%, grass planting (Festuca myuros L.) 95.3%, mechanical weeding 81.9%, glufosinate ammonium (3 times) 98.1% and paraquat dichloride (3 times) 90.4%, respectively. Growth of grape was higher herbicides treatment and mechanical weeding than others. Yield tended to be higher glufosinate ammonium (3 times) and paraquat dichloride (3 times) each 12.6 kg/tree, 12.3 kg/tree than others.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.109-130
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• 2013

This study is to offer the raw data for conservation and restoration of national park by surveying and analysing the vascular plants in the Gayasan national park. The flora were summarized as 102 families, 328 genera, 469 species, 4 subspecies, 59 varieties and 9 forms. The endangered plants designated by Ministry of Environment were 2 taxa; Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus. and Gymnadenia conopsea for. albiflora Y.N.Lee. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 13 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel., Ligusticum tachiroei (Franch. & Sav.) M. Hiroe & Constance, Primula modesta var. fauriae (Franch.) Takeda, Lilium distichum Nakai ex Kamibay and so forth. The korean endemic plants were 15 taxa; Betula ermanii Cham., Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim., Galium koreanum (Nakai) Nakai, Heloniopsis koreana Fuse, N.S. Lee & M.N. Tamura and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 66 taxa; Betula chinensis Maxim., Spiraea fritschiana Schneid., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Adoxa moschatellina L. and so forth. The plants with approval for delivering oversea were 22 taxa; Salix hallaisanensis H.L$\acute{e}$v., Sanguisorba argutidens Nakai, Viola albida Palib., Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey and so forth. The naturalized plants were 30 taxa; Chenopodium album L., Lepidium apetalum Willd., Trifolium pratense L., Bidens frondosa L., Helianthus tuberosus L. and so forth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.264-278
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• 2010

This study was carried out to describe the basic materials of the flora and vegetation for the conservation and management of the Dokdo ecosystem. The vegetation types were investigated by physionomy. 53 taxa of vascular plants were found, including 29 families, 48 genera, 49 species, 1subspecies, and 3 varieties. Among the investigated 53 taxa, it was recorded as follows: 2 Korean endemic plants included Sedum kamtschaticum var. takesimense M.Park and Campanula takesimana Nakai and 6 naturalized plants included Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Sonchus oleraceus L., Bromus catharticus Vahl, Lepidium virginicumL., Chenopodium album L., and Ipomoea purpurea Roth. In particular, common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea Roth) was reported for the first time in this survey of Dokdo. Based on physionomy, the main plant communities of Dokdo Island were Aster spathulifolius-Sedum oryzifolium community, Aster spathulifolius-Artemisia Japonica subsp. littoricola community, Fallopia sachalinensis-Cyrtomium falcatum community, Echinochloa crusgalli community, Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola community. The debates have been continuing about a mis-identification of plants. To avoid this debate and manage naturalized and cultivated plants, taxonomist surveys and continual monitoring for the Island are required.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.4-10
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• 1984

This experiment was conducted to determine the change in weed flora with season and cultivated crop and land. There are 44 species in 38 genera and 18 families, consisting of 22 annual, 11 biennial and 9 perennial weeds in uplands in Jeonbug Province. Digitaria sanguinalis Scopol. occurred with the highest frequency of 67.2% and in decreasing order Portulaca oleracea L., Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron canadensis L. followed. About 60% of total sites studied indicated Simpson`s index ranging from 0.20 to 0.50. The Simpson`s index decreased from 0.65 on June 8 to 0.15 on November 10. Dominant weed species were Alopecurus aequalis Sosbol, and Polygonum hydropiper Spach in double cropping paddy field, but D. sanguinalis and P. oleracea were the dominant species in uplands. In reclaimed uplands various weed species including, 4rtemisia asiatica Nakai occurred almost equally. Average Simpson`s index for six crops studied was 0.40 and irrespective of the crops being cultivated P. oleracea and D. sanguinalis were dominant weed species and Y. hydropiper, C. album, Exolus blitum Grenier and E. canadensis were sub-dominant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.487-510
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• 2015

This study was carried out to inventory the vascular plant flora in Deokjeokdo and its adjacent regions (Mungapdo, Soyado), Ongjin-gun, South Korea, from April to October 2014. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 108 families, 362 genera, 578 species, 5 subspecies, 66 varieties and 4 forms, totally 653 taxa. In the flora of this area, 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were found distributed in the sites, including Hepatica insularis Nakai and Asarum glabrata (C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh. Korean rare and endangered plants found in this area were 1 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR) and 5 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU). The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 67 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 2 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 3 taxa of grade II and 47 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants consisted of 67 taxa, such as Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were recognized widely distributed in the area.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1995

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to investigate allelopathic potential of some weed species on alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) germination and seedling growth. In the comparison between top(leaves+stems) and root extracts, top extract exhibited greater allelopathic effects on alfalfa germination than that of root. The various weed species extract differently responded to alfalfa test species, WL-320, in terms of allelopathic effect. Top and root aqueous extracts of lambsquarter(Chenopodium album L.), giant foxtail(Setaria faberii Herrm.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), crabgrass(Digitaria sanguinalis L.), canada thistle(Cirsium arvense L.) and prostrate knotweed(Polygonium aviculare L.) significantly inhibited germination, seedling length, weight, vigor, and rate of germination of alfalfa. The regression slopes of various top extracts showed that velvetleaf(b=3.69) extracts were the most inhibitory, while large crabgrass(b=2.39) extracts had the least allelopathic effect on alfalfa germination. Germination, seedling length and weight of alfalfa were inversely proportional to the concentration of dried velvetleaf extracts. Also, more of the toxic effects were observed from the dried extracts compared to the fresh extracts. Residue of velvetleaf inhibited significantly alfalfa emergence and survival percentage compared to the control. The emergence and survival percentage of alfalfa were 44%, 57% at 1.0% residue treatment, respectively. When weed residues were mixed with silica sand with incubation time, velvetleaf residue most inhibited alfalfa growth. The degree of inhibition increased as incubation time increased. An incubation for 72h caused the greatest inhibition of alfalfa growth. These results demonstrate the different allelopathic activity of weed species extracts on alfalfa and suggest that weed may affect alfalfa growth and development through the inhibitory effects of allelochemicals present in weed tissue.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.224-228
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• 1991

This study was carried to know factors affecting emergence of major upland weeds in soil in order to get basic information on weed control methods. Firthy eight percent of weed seeds were distributed within soil surface to 10cm in soil and 2% of weed seeds were observed in 40~50cm soil layer in field. As planting depth was deeper, emergence of weeds became poor. However Capsella bursa-pastoris can emerge at soil surface. Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus lividus, Porturaca oleracea, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum upto 3cm, Eleusine indica, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis upto 7cm. Emergence of weeds was very poor in very acid soil but good in soil pH 5.5~6.0. However emergence of weed was not affected by pH 3.5~4.0 or above. Emergence of E. indica, C. bursa-pastoris, A. retroflexus, A. lividus, C. album, E. crus-galli, Solanum nigrum, and S. viridis was good in loam soil and P. oleranea, D. sanguinalis in sandy loam soil. Emergence of weed seeds was not affected by fertilization.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.93-107
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• 1973

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable crop for the Korean people and has long been cultivated extensively in Korea. More recently it has gained importance as a source of certain pharmaceuticals. This additional use has also contributed to the increasing demand for Korean garlic. Garlic has been propagated vegetatively for a long time without control measures against virus diseases. As a result it is presumed that most of the garlic varieties in Korea may have degenerated. The production of virus-free plants offers the most feasible way to control the virus diseases of garlic. However, little is known about garlic viruses both domestically and in foreign countries. More basic information regarding garlic viruses is needed before a sound approach to the control of these diseases can be developed. Currently garlic mosaic disease is most prevalent in plantings throughout Korea and is considered to be the most important disease of garlic in Korea. Because of this importance, studies were initiated to isolate and characterize the garlic mosaic virus. Symptom expression in test plants, physical properties, purification, serological reaction and morphological characteristics of the garlic mosaic virus were determined. Results of these studies are summarized as follows. 1. Surveys made throughout the important garlic growing areas in Korea during 1970-1972 revealed that most of the garlic plants were heavily infected with mosaic disease. 2. A strain of garlic mosaic virus was obtained from infected garlic leaves and transmitted mechanically to Chenopodium amaranticolor by single lesion isolation technique. 3. The symptom expression of this garlic mosaic virus isolate was examined on 26 species of test plants. Among these, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quince, C. album and C. koreanse expressed chlorotic local lesions on inoculated leaves 11-12 days after mechanical inoculation with infective sap. The remaining 22 species showed no symptoms and no virus was recovered from them whet back-inoculated to C. amaranticolor. 4. Among the four species of Chtnopodium mentioned above, C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa appear to be the most suitable local lesion test plants for garlic mosaic virus. 5. Cloves and top·sets originating from mosaic infected garlic plants were $100\%$ infected with the same virus. Consequently the garlic mosaic virus is successively transmitted through infected cloves and top-sets. 6. Garlic mosaic virus was mechanically transmitted to C, amaranticolor when inoculations were made with infective sap of cloves and top-sets. 7. Physical properties of the garlic mosaic virus as determined by inoculation onto C. amaranticolor were as follows. Thermal inactivation point: $65-70^{\circ}C$, Dilution end poiut: $10^-2-10^-3$, Aging in vitro: 2 days. 8. Electron microscopic examination of the garlic mosaic virus revealed long rod shaped particles measuring 1200-1250mu. 9. Garlic mosaic virus was purified from leaf materials of C. amaranticolor by using two cycles of differential centrifugation followed by Sephadex gel filtration. 10. Garlic mosaic virus was successfully detected from infected garlic cloves and top-sets by a serological microprecipitin test. 11 Serological tests of 150 garlic cloves and 30 top-sets collected randomly from seperated plants throughout five different garlic growing regions in Korea revealed $100\%$ infection with garlic mosaic virus. Accordingly it is concluded that most of the garlic cloves and top-sets now being used for propagation in Korea are carriers of the garlic mosaic virus. 12. Serological studies revealed that the garlic mosaic virus is not related with potato viruses X, Y, S and M. 13. Because of the difficulty in securing mosaic virus-free garlic plants, direct inoculation with isolated virus to the garlic plants was not accomplished. Results of the present study, however, indicate that the virus isolate used here is the causal virus of the garlic mosaic disease in Korea.