• 대한본초학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2019

Objectives : When herbal medicines are extracted together, they may interact with each other, leading to change of chemical characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of Atractylodes rhizomes (Atractylodes japonica, A. macrocephala, and A. chinensis) on the chemical features of the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which is are commonly combined with herbal medicines in many herbal formulae, when they are co-decocted. Methods : Liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, ononin, and glycyrrhizin levels of G. uralensis in hot-water extracts prepared by the combination of Atractylodes rhizomes with various weight ratios (G. uralensis : Atractylodes rhizomes = 10:0, 10:5, 10:10, and 10:20) and extraction times (60, 90, and 120 min) were quantified using a HPLC-diode array detector and compared by statistical analysis. Results : The concentrations of liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, ononin, and glycyrrhizin from G. uralensis roots and rhizomes mostly reduced when co-extracted with Atractylodes rhizomes, and the addition of A. chinensis most reduced their contents between Atractylodes combination groups. A. japonica and A. macrocephala rhizomes also showed differences of liquiritin and glycyrrhizin levels at 10 g and 20 g groups of Atractylodes rhizomes. Extraction times also affected the concentrations of liquiritin, ononin, and glycyrrhizin mostly during 60 and 90 min. Conclusions : Atractylodes rhizomes might alter the chemical characteristics of G. uralensis when these herbs are co-decocted. This study provides the understanding of the chemical interactions of herbal medicines during the extraction in hot water.

• 셀메드
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.7.1-7.12
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• 2018

Greying of hairs or Canities (Sheeb) is a hair disorder characterized by premature graying of scalp hair, beard, moustache etc. In Unani system of medicine (USM), the causes of premature greying of hairs, concept behind graying of hairs, principles of treatment, preparations that prevent premature greying of hairs, regimen, systemic and local treatment to stimulate pigmentation and the most interesting point is the use of different type of hair dyes (khizabat) is all illustrated. Classical texts described black, red, blond and white hair dye preparations with formulae and method of use. Initially for the hair graying management, utilizing simple and complex substances from plants, minerals, metals and mixture of these was the main method, which satisfied the desire to change the colour of the hair. With the advancement in chemical science, dyes formulaes, method of formation and application are changed. But due to the awareness about demerits of chemical dyes, people are looking back towards the natural ways to combat hair greying and herbal hair dye is an alternative. This paper is an overview of Unani drugs of local and internal use for hair greying with special attention towards herbal dyes. Most commonly used herbs in khizaab with their actions and constituents has been summarized. This is an effort to globalize the benefits of Unani herbs in hair greying problem. In short, International demand for hair dyes has been steadily growing and there is a wide scope for exploring different aspects of hair greying treatment and dyes in USM.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.253-261
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• 1985

경상도 연일, 감포 및 하서지역의 삼기층에서 산출되는 13개 몬모릴로나이트에 대한 화학조성과 열적성질을 연구하였다. 이들의 화학조성으로부터 계산된 결정구조식은 사면체내의 $Si^{4+}$는 $Al^{3+}$에 의하여 단위격자당 0.02에서 0.33 원자가 치환되었으며 전체 층간부전하의 4~47%가 사면체내의 치환에서 유래되고 있다. 대부분의 시료는 85% 이상의 부전하는 팔면체내의 치환에 의해서 유래되고 있었다. 몬모릴로나이트의 결정구조식과 시차열 및 열천평곡선에 의한 열적특성 결과를 비교 검토한 결과 몬모릴로나이트의 팔면체내의 Al의 Fe에 의한 치환 및 사면체내의 Si의 Al에 의한 치환 모두가 dehydroxylation 온도를 감소시키는 결과를 초래했다. 이러한 관계는 금번 실험된 시료들에서는 충분한 정의 관계를 보였으나, 팔면체 및 사면체내에서의 치환정도가 현저히 다른 시료로서 연구한 결과가 이와 일치된다면 일반적인 현상으로 받아 들일 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.574-590
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• 2013

A new solid complexes of Ti(IV), Y(III) and Ce(IV) have been synthesized with ofloxacin. The formulae and structure of the complexes have been proposed in the light of analytical, spectral ($^1H$ NMR, IR and UV-Visible), magnetic, molar conductivities and thermal studies. The complexes are soluble in DMSO-$d_6$ and DMF. The measured molar conductance values indicate that, the three complexes are electrolyte in nature. The results support the formation of the complexes and indicated that ofloxacin reacts as a bidentate ligand chelate to the metal ion through the pyridone oxygen and one carboxylato oxygen. The kinetic parameters of thermogravimetric and its differential have been evaluated by using Coats Redfern (CR) and Horowitz-Metzeger (HM) methods. The thermodynamic data reflect the thermal stability for all complexes. The metal- ligand binding of the Ti(IV), Y(III) and Ce(IV) complexes is predicted using density funcational theory at the B3LYP-CEP-31G level of theory and total energy, dipole moment estimation of different Ti(IV), Y(III) and Ce(IV) ofloxacin structures. The biological activities of the ofloxacin, inorganic salts and their metal complexes were assayed against different bacterial species.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2006

New organotin(IV) derivatives with general formulae R_2SnL_2 and R_3SnL, where R = methyl, n-butyl, n-octyl and phenyl and HL is either 3-[N-(4-nitrophenyl)amido]-propenoic acid or 3-[N-(4-nitrophenyl)amido] propanoic acid have been synthesized in 1 : 2 and 1 : 1 molar ratio by different methods. The FTIR spectra clearly demonstrated that the organotin(IV) moieties react with [O,O] atoms of the ligands. The bonding and coordination behavior in these complexes are discussed on the basis of multinuclear (^1H,\,^{13}C,\,^{119}Sn) NMR and mass spectrometric studies. Antibacterial, and antifungal screening tests were performed for these compounds and reported here. These values were compared to those of the precursors and it was found that diorganotin(IV) complexes exhibit less activity as compared to triorganotin(IV) complexes . LD_{50} data were obtained by Brine Shrimp assay method. Insecticidal activity was performed for selective compounds by contact toxicity method.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2021

As part of our attempt to discover novel active compounds against multi-drug resistant pathogens, we hereby report two new complexes of iron(III) with formulae: [Fe(L₁)₂(H₂O)₂]Cl₃ and [Fe(L₁)₂(L₂)(H₂O)]Cl₂ where L₁ = 1,10-phenanthroline (C₁₂H₈N₂) and L₂ = guanide (C₅H₄N₅O^-). The synthesized complexes were characterized using spectroscopic analysis (ESI-MS, ICP-OES, FT-IR, and UV-Vis), cyclic voltammetry, CHN analysis, gravimetric chloride determination, melting point determination, and conductance measurement. Octahedral geometries are assigned to both complexes. In vitro antibacterial activity was tested on two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The complexes demonstrated appreciable activity against these pathogens. Interestingly, the [Fe(L₁)₂(L₂)(H₂O)]Cl₂ complex manifested a higher degree of inhibition against the drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria than the commercially available drug, namely erythromycin.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.53-76
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• 1979

During cosmetic treatments, SURFACTANTS penetrate into KERATINOUS TISSUES (hair, skin and nails). Whereas some of these surfactant molecules migrate to the vital tissues, a considerable fraction remains bound to the keratin. The extent of binding depends both on the nature of the head group and the length of the hydrophobic tail of the detergent molecules. In addition to entering the amorphous region of the keratin, some of the detergents also penetrate into the crystalline microfibrils and change their structures affecting their tensile properties. Owing to an uneven distribution of detergent molecules in the tissues, an anisotropy of the elastic moduli will occur, resulting in considerable internal stresses which, in rum, might lead to a deterioration of hair, skin and nails. The chemical behavior of keratins is also influenced by the presence of absorbed detergent in their structures. Depending on the detergents and the conditions, these effects can be either protective or detrimental. The deposition of detergent molecules into keratin can be enhanced or diminished by the inclusion of appropriate ingredients into the product formulae.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.499-507
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 이온화식 작성에 대한 중학생들의 이해 정도를 알아보는 것이다. 서울시 소재 중학교 한 곳에 재학중인 3학년 학생 219명이 연구에 참여하였다. 6차시에 걸친 ‘전해질과 이온’ 단원의 수업이 끝난 후, 이온화합물의 이온화 과정을 이온화식으로 표현하도록 구성한 서술형 검사를 실시하였다. 검사 결과를 분석하여 이온화합물의 구성 특성에 따라 이온화식 서술에 대한 정답률을 파악하였으며, 이온화식 표현과 관련된 지식상태를 토대로 이온화식 표현의 위계 관계를 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이온화합물을 구성하는 양이온과 음이온의 종류, 전하량과 구성 개수를 바탕으로 이온화합물들을 여섯 집단으로 분류하고 집단의 특성에 따라 학생 응답을 분석한 결과 정답률에 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 지식 상태 분석 결과 이온화합물을 구성하는 양이온과 음이온의 종류와 전하량, 구성 개수를 알아내어 이온화 과정을 식으로 표현하는 지식상태가 구조화되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 효과적인 이온화식 학습 전략의 설계를 위한 시사점을 제안하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.1845-1850
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• 2012

Layered metal hydroxides (LMHs) containing calcium were synthesized by coprecipitation in solution having two different trivalent metal ions, iron and aluminum. Two mixed metal solutions ($Ca^{2+}/Al^{3+}$ and $Ca^{2+}/Fe^{3+}$ = 2/1) were added to sodium hydroxide solution and the final pH was adjusted to ~11.5 and ~13 for CaAl-and CaFe-LMHs. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the two LMH samples showed well developed ($00l$) diffractions indicating 2-dimensional crystal structure of the synthesized LMHs. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction pattern, the local structure analysis through X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and thermal analysis also confirmed that the synthesized precipitates show typical structure of LMHs. The chemical formulae, $Ca_{2.04}Al_1(OH)_6(NO_3){\cdot}5.25H_2O$ and $Ca_{2.01}Fe_1(OH)_6(NO_3){\cdot}4.75H_2O$ were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Particle morphology and thermal behavior for the synthesized LMHs were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetricdifferential scanning calorimetry.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.192-199
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• 2021

Alpine glaciers harbor a large quantity of bio-labile dissolved organic matter (DOM), which plays a pivotal role in global carbon cycling as glacial-fed streams are headwaters of numerous large rivers. To understand the complexity, origin, and fate of DOM in glaciers and downstream-linked streams and lakes, we elucidated the molecular composition of DOM in two different Tibetan Plateau glaciers, eight glacial-fed streams and five lakes, using an ultrahigh-resolution 15 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The compositional changes of the DOM samples revealed that glacier DOM mostly exhibited sulfur-containing organic compounds (CHOS species). We also found that aliphatic formulae contributed more than 50% of the total abundance of assigned molecules in glacier samples, and those compounds were significantly related to CHOS species. The CHO proportions of glacial-fed streams and lakes samples increased with increasing distance from glacial terminals. The relative contribution of terrestrial-derived organics (i.e., lignins and tannins) declined while microbial-originated organics (aliphatics) increased with increasing elevation. This suggested the gradual input of allochthonous materials from non-glacial environment and the degradation of microbe-derived compounds along lower elevations. Alpine glaciers are retreating as a result of climate change and they nourished numerous streams, rivers, and downstream-linked lakes. Therefore, the interpretations of the detailed molecular changes in glacier ice, glacial-fed streams, and alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau could provide broad insights for understanding the biogeochemical cycling of glacial DOM and assessing how the nature of DOM impacts fluvial ecosystems.