• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1999

본 연구는 축우 품종의 유전적 다형성을 분석하여 분자유전수준에서 축우의 품종간 판별과 유전적 유사성을 구명하고자 Holstein종과 한우, Charolais종 및 한우 교잡종의 혈액에서 DNA를 추출하여, PCR(polymerase chain reaction) 기법에 의한 RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNAs)분석을 실시하고, 소 품종간의 유사도 지수를 추정한 후 UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method using average)방법으로 유사도를 추정하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 축우 품종들로부터 추출된 genomic DNA를 1.5% agarose gel에서 전기영동한 결과, 12.2kb 이상의 단일밴드로 나타났으며, genomic DNA의 순도는 DNA 흡광도 $A_{260}$과 $A_{280}$의 비율로 측정한 결과 그 비율은 1.75~2.10이었다. 2. RAPD기법에 의한 축우 품종의 유전적 다형성을 분석한 결과, 품종판별을 위한 가장 유용한 random primer는 5'-GAC CGC TTG T-3'인 것으로 판명되었다. 3. Primer 부착 온도에 따른 band 양상에 있어서 $33.0^{\circ}C$인 경우는 약 340bp에서 Holstein종과 Charolais종에서는 band가 출현되었으나, 한우와 한우 교잡종에서는 밴드가 나타나지 않았으며, $37.5^{\circ}C$의 경우에는 340bp에서 Holstein종과 한우에서는 밴드가 나타났으나, Charolais종과 한우 교잡종에서는 band가 출현되지 않아 이들 밴드의 유무가 소 품종판별을 위한 유용한 유전적 표지로서의 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료되었다. 4. 축우 품종의 유사도 지수에 있어서는 primer 부착온도를 $33.0^{\circ}C$와 $37.5^{\circ}C$을 종합하였을때 Holstein종과 한우간에는 0.666~0.777이었으며, Charolais종간에는 0.615~0.666이었고, 한우와 Charolais종간에는 0.400~0.461로 다소 낮은 수치를 보였으나, 한우와 한우 교잡종간에는 0.857~0.888로 대체로 높은 계수를 보였다. 5. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면 RAPD기법에 의하여 random primer 5'-GAC CGC TTG T-3'으로 축우 품종의 판별이 가능하며, UPGMA에 의한 축우 품종의 유사도는 Holstein종과 한우 및 Charolais종간 보다는 한우와 한우 교잡종 및 Charolais종간의 유전적 유사도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 1980

This experiment was to study semen properties of Charolais for the a, pp.ication ot artificial insemination. The result obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the preservation of liquid semen for 6 days, the survival rates of Charolais semen averaged 57.14% in skim milk solution and 58.17% in tris buffer solution. There were not differences. 2. Recovery of semen after thawing was vigorous in the semen that was diluted and frozen in 48 hrs. 3. The real rates of survival sperm for Charolais averaged 83% after living sperm was diluted and stained for 6 days. 4. Methylene blue reduction test diluted semen was fresh when it was diluted within 48 hrs. 5. If the diluted semen was preserved below 5$^{\circ}C$ in Charolais, the pH decreased by 0.2 in a day. 6. Diluted semen was more resistant to the cold shock than fresh semen. 7. In resistance against hot shock, sperm was almost dead in 20 minutes in 46.5$^{\circ}C$ in diluted semen, while it was dead in 30 minutes in 42.5$^{\circ}C$ in diluted semen. 8. In examination of morphological changes of sperm acrosome for 6 days, normal sperm in skim milk solution and tris buffer solution was 80% and 76.97% respectively, swelling sperm 12.8% and 15.27%, deficient sperm 0.6% and 0.97% abnormal staining 3.07% and 5.25%, immature sperm 0.28%, and 0.23%, whereas other abnormal sperm was 1.28% and 1.42%.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.141-145
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• 1977

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 1974년(年)부터 1977년(年)까지 4개년간(個年間)에 걸쳐 제주도(濟州道) 소재(所在) 제동목장(濟東牧場)에서 사육(飼育)된 Angus, Charolais, Hereford종(種)과 그들 교잡종(交雜種) 총(總) 1020두(頭)에 대한 자료(資料)를 최소자승법(最小自乘法)을 통(通)해 통계분석(統計分析)하여 자우(仔牛)의 성(性), 출생년도(出生年度), 출생계절(出生季節), 품종(品種) 및 교배방법(交配方法)등이 자우(仔牛)의 생시체중(生時體重)에 미치는 영향을 추정(推定)하였다. 1. 생시체중(生時體重)에 대한 성(性)의 효과(效果)는 숫송아지가 암송아지 보다 1kg 더 무거웠다. 2. 출생년도(出生年度)의 효과는 1%수준(水準)에서 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었으며 '76, '77년도(年度)의 생시체중(生時體重)이 '75년도(年度)보다 0.9kg 0.2kg 더 무거웠고 목장개설(牧場開設) 초년도(初年度)인 '74년도(年度)는 '75년도(年度)보다 1.7kg 가벼웠다. 3. 출생계절(出生季節)의 효과(效果)는 봄과 여름에 출생(出生)된 송아지가 겨울에 출생(出生)된 송아지보다 0.6, 0.3kg무거웠으며 가을에 출생(出生)된 송아지는 0.9kg 가벼웠다. 4. 품종(品種)과 교배방법(交配方法)의 효과는 Charolais 종(種)이 Hereford종(種)보다 0.4kg무거웠으며 Angus종(種)은 1.1kg가벼웠다 Charolais종(種)과 Hereford종(種)의 교잡종(交雜種)은 Hereford종(種)보다 1.5kg 무거웠고 Angus와 Hereford 교잡종(交雜種), Angus와 Charolais교잡종(交雜種)은 Hereford종(種)보다 각각(各各) 0.6, 0.4kg 가벼웠다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1982

Total protein levels of 60 bovine bull sera were treasured with refractometer and the strum proteins were fractionated by cellulose acetate membrane electorphoresis and the relative amount of each fraction was measured with automatic scanning densitometer. The sixty bovine bulls consisted of 17 Charolais bulls, 28 Holstein bulls and 15 Korean bulls. Mean total serum protein level of the total bulls was $7.50{\pm}0.50(Mean{\pm}SD)$, with the mean of Charolais $7.04{\pm}0.37g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $7.62{\pm}0.40g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $7.81{\pm}0.43g/dl$. As barbital-calcium buffer was used in fractionating the bovine serum protein with cellulose acetate membrane, electric current of 0.4 mA per centimeter width of the membrane for an hour resulted in more clear separation between ${\alpha}_1$-globulin and ${\alpha}_2$-globulin than electric current of 0.6 or 1.0 mA for an hour. However ${\alpha}_1$-globulin and ${\alpha}_2$-globulin could not be measured separately with automatic scanning densitometer. Mean serum albumin level of total bulls was $3.54{\pm}0.42g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $3.42{\pm}0.26g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $3.69{\pm}0.38g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $3.39{\pm}0.55g/dl$. Mean serum ${\alpha}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $0.62{\pm}0.14g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $0.61{\pm}0.07g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $0.60{\pm}0.11g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $0.67{\pm}0.23g/dl$. Mean ${\beta}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $0.85{\pm}0.21g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $0.74{\pm}0.11g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $0.83{\pm}0.14g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $1.02{\pm}0.30g/dl$. Mean serum ${\gamma}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $2.48{\pm}0.45g/dl$ with the mean of Charolais $2.27{\pm}0.37g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $2.48{\pm}0.44g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $2.72{\pm}0.47g/dl$.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.87-95
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• 1991

The chromosome analyses of blood culture were made of 11 Korean native and 53 crossbred males between the Korean native cattles(K) and Charolais(C), which consisted of $K\times$K, $C\times$K, $C\times$CK, CK$\times$CCK and Charolais synthetic males(CK$\times$CCK or CCK$\times$CK). 1. The diploid(2n=60, XY) Charolais synthetic male has the 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a single large submetacentric X and a small metacentric Y chromosome. 2. The numbers of G-band of karyotype in these males were a few differences in the 8 pairs of autosomes(chromosome 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 19 and 26) compared to those of purebred Korean native ones. G-banding qualities were not matched in chromosome 16, 19 and 29 with the Korean native males and also in chromosome 14, 20 and 22 with other domestic cattles. 3. The G-banding pattern between chromosome 4-6-7 and 24-25-27 was alomost similar together and the possibilityof misidentification was greater in the G-banded preparations. 4. 1/29 Robertsonian translocation and other abnormalities were not observed among 11 Korean native and 53 crossbred males. This result is considered in relation to limited data and further investigation based on larger samples may be necessary for definite conclusion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.665-671
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• 2010

Muscle fiber characteristics and their relationship to water-holding capacity of longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle were studied in Brahman (BRA) and Charolais (CHA) crossbred bulls fattened under practical farm conditions. Thirty-four BRA and 34 CHA bulls were randomly selected and slaughtered at 500, 550 and 600 kg live weight. Parameters of water-holding capacity such as drip, ageing, thawing, cooking and grilling loss were determined. Muscle fiber characteristics were conducted for muscle fiber type percentage and cross-sectional areas of slow- and fast-twitch fiber types, and correlation coefficients to water-holding capacity parameters were calculated. Results showed that CHA meat had a better water-holding capacity (less ageing, thawing and grilling loss) when compared with BRA, whereas slaughter weights had no significant effects on these parameters. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between genotypes and slaughter weights in muscle fiber type percentage and cross-sectional areas of ld muscle. Slow- and fast-twitch fiber types of all experimental groups averaged 24.4 and 75.6%, respectively. Cross-sectional areas of fast-twitch fibers had almost twice the size of slow-twitch fibers (6,721 and 3,713 ${\mu}m^2$, respectively). The correlation between muscle fiber area and water-holding capacity indicated that muscles with larger fiber areas had a lower drip and ageing loss but a higher cooking and grilling loss.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2019

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different feeding levels of a total mixed ration silage-based diet on feed intake, total tract digestion, enteric methane emissions, and energy partitioning in two beef cattle genotypes. Methods: Six mature bulls (three Thai natives, and three Thai natives - Charolais crossbreeds) were assigned in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design, with cattle breed genotype in separate squares, three periods of 21 days, and three energy feeding above maintenance levels (1.1, 1.5, and 2.0 MEm, where MEm is metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance). Bulls were placed in a metabolic cage equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to evaluate digestibility, record respiration gases, and determine energy balance. Results: Increasing the feeding level had no significant effect on digestibility but drastically reduced the enteric methane emission rate (p<0.05). Increasing the feeding level also significantly increased the energy retention and utilization efficiency (p<0.01). The Thai native cattle had greater enteric methane emission rate, digestibility, and energy utilization efficiency than the Charolais crossbred cattle (p<0.05). The daily metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance in Thai native cattle ($388kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$, where $BW^{0.75}$ is metabolic body weight) was 15% less than that in Charolais crossbred cattle ($444kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$). Conclusion: Our results suggested that the greater feeding level in zebu beef cattle fed above maintenance levels resulted in improved energy retention and utilization efficiency because of the reduction in enteric methane energy loss. The results also indicated higher efficiency of metabolisable energy utilization for growth and a lower energy requirement for maintenance in Bos indicus than in Bos taurus.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2008

To estimate the genetic characteristics and cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) existing among Hanwoo (Korean cattle) and exotic foreign population (Angus, Herford, Charolais, Holstein) we used a total of 414 genomic DNAs from five breeds population (Hanwoo, Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein). Genetic characteristics indices including mean allele number among loci, unbiased heterozygosity ($h_i$) within locus and polymorphic information content (PIC) and unbiased average heterozygosity (H) among loci in four breeds were calculated using the generated allele frequencies by each marker. The mean allele numbers for all loci ranged between 5 and 7 while heterozygosity (H) ranged from 0.75 (HW) to 0.64 (HF) among loci and across breeds heterozygosity (H) was 0.69. The generated unbiased average heterozygosity among loci in each breed was integrated to the global formula of CPD resulting in 99.71 % within the populations. The genetic variation of HW (Hanwoo) showed highest estimates among the analyzed breeds.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.847-860
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• 2006

본 시험은 n-6 및 n-3 계열 다중불포화지방산 함량이 풍부한 사료원을 Charolais 거세우에게 각각 사료 급여기간을 달리하여 급여하였을 때 근내 지방산 조성을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 수행은 영국 IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research) 연구소 육우 사양실험실에서 실시 하였으며, 공시축은 총 28두 Charolais 거세우로서 ad libitum으로 조사료 급여를 하였다. 그리고, 두 개의 지방원료원으로서 C18:2 n-6 함량이 풍부한 대두와 C18:3 n-3함량이 풍부한 아마종실을 60일 및 90일간 공급하였으며, 농후사료는 총 건물섭취의 73%으로 하였다. 도체중, conformation 및 fatness score는 60일 사료급여구와 비교하여 90일 사료급여구에서 높게 조사되었다(P<0.05). 공시축의 m. longissimus thoracis의 중성지방내 총지방산 함량은 지방원료원에 의한 영향은 없었지만, 반면에 인지질 내 총지방산 함량은 아마종실 급여구에 대략 15% 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 근육 중성지방 내 C18:3 n-3와 cis-9, trans-11 CLA 함량은 아마종실급여구에 유의성있게 높게 조사되었으며(P<0.001), 반면에 C18:2 n-6 함량은 대두 급여구에서 높았다 (P<0.001). 근육 인지질 내 CLA와 C18:3 함량은 아마종실급여구에 높게 나타났으며, C18:2 n-6 함량은 대두 급여구에 높았다. 한편, 근육 중성지방 내 C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, CLA, C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6 및 C18:3 n-3 함량은 90일 사료급여구에서 높게 조사되었다. 근내 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율은 사료급여기간에 영향을 받지 않았지만, C18:2 n-6:C18:3 n-3 비율과 n-6:n-3 불포화지방산 비율은 아마종실 급여구에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 시험은 대두 혹은 아마종실 같은 사료급여와 급여기간에 의하여 쇠고기 근내 불포화지방산 함량을 변화 시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그리고, 아마종실 급여는 쇠고기 내 지방산 함량이 조성이 인체 건강과 관련한 영양적 지표에 보다 바람직한 것으로 증명되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1745-1752
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the growth performance and carcass evaluation of Jeju native cattle (JNC) and its crossbreds (CBK = 25 JNC: 50 Charolais: 25 Brahman and BCBK = 62.5 JNC: 25 Charolais: 12.5 Brahman) fed for a short fattening period. Eight male calves each of JNC (80.$40{\pm}10$), CBK ($113.50{\pm}12.3$), and BCBK ($100.3{\pm}9.5$) were weaned at 4 month of age and were fed similar diets for 18 months of their age. All animals were fed a growing ration until 12 months of age and thereafter switched to a fattening ration for a period of 6 months. Final body weight (BW) and BW gain were significantly higher in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK gained 27.42% and 25.99% more BW, respectively, compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK animals consumed significantly less DM than JNC to gain a unit of BW. Body weight gain, DM intake and feed conversion efficiency were similar between CBK and BCBK. Weight of hot and cold carcass, ribs, boneless meat and Longissimus dorsi muscle area were significantly different among JNC and its crossbreds. The heaviest carcass was observed in CBK followed by BCBK and JNC. Carcass, chest and femur lengths were greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Chest width, chest depth and hip width were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Femur width was significantly greater in CBK compared with BCBK and JNC. Femur depth and chest girth were significantly greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Weight and fat yield in different carcass cuts were greater in crossbreds compared to JNC. Percent moisture, crude ash, and crude protein of meat were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Percent crude fat in beef was significantly greater in JNC compared with its crossbreds. Beef shear force value, percent water holding capacity, juiciness and tenderness were significantly greater for JNC compared to its crossbreds. In conclusion, CBK and BCBK have shown greater growth rates and produced heavier carcasses with good degree of fatness when compared with JNC.