• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the difference and genetic similarity at the level of molecular genetics. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood of Holstein, Korean cattle, Charolais, and hybrid between Korean cattle and charolais and RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNAs) was analyzed by PCR(polymerase chain reaction). After genetic similarity value from different breeds are analyzed, genetic similarity was estimated by UPGMA(unweighted pair-group method using average). The results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: 1. When genomic DNA which was extracted from different breeds was subjected to electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel, bigger than 12.2kb was appeared. Ratio by absorbance of $A_{260}/A_{280}$ was 1.75~2.10, indicating that genomic DNA was quite pure for RAPD analysis. 2. Different band patterns by RAPD were appeared according to the breeds in cattle. The best primer used to distinguish Holstein from other breeds was 5'-GAC CGC TTG T-3'. 3. A 340bp fragment was amplified in $33.0^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature for the Holstein and Charolais breeds, but any amplification was not occurred in this annealing temperature for Korean cattle and hybrid. In addition, a 340bp fragment was amplified in $37.5^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature for the Holstein and Korean cattle, but any amplification was not occurred in this annealing temperature for Charolais and hybrid. For the reaction of PCR. $37.5^{\circ}C$ and $33.0^{\circ}C$ of annealing temperature was shown to be best for genetic marker identification from Holstein, Charolais, and hybrid between Korean cattle and Charolais. 4. When genetic similarity from different breeds are analyzed at the both temperature of $33.0^{\circ}C$ and $37.5^{\circ}C$, the genetic similarity value of Holstein and Korean cattle, Holstein and Charolais, Korean cattle and Charolais, and Korean cattle and hybrid were 0.666~0.777, 0.615~0.666, 0.400~0.461 and 0.857~0.888, respectively. 5. It could be concluded that different breeds are capable of distinguishing by RAPD used random primer 5'-GAC CGC TTG T-3', genetic similarity from different breeds was appeared the higher genetic similarity value of Korean cattle and Charolais than that of Holstein between Korean cattle and Charolais by UPGMA.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1980

This experiment was to study semen properties of Charolais for the a, pp.ication ot artificial insemination. The result obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the preservation of liquid semen for 6 days, the survival rates of Charolais semen averaged 57.14% in skim milk solution and 58.17% in tris buffer solution. There were not differences. 2. Recovery of semen after thawing was vigorous in the semen that was diluted and frozen in 48 hrs. 3. The real rates of survival sperm for Charolais averaged 83% after living sperm was diluted and stained for 6 days. 4. Methylene blue reduction test diluted semen was fresh when it was diluted within 48 hrs. 5. If the diluted semen was preserved below 5$^{\circ}C$ in Charolais, the pH decreased by 0.2 in a day. 6. Diluted semen was more resistant to the cold shock than fresh semen. 7. In resistance against hot shock, sperm was almost dead in 20 minutes in 46.5$^{\circ}C$ in diluted semen, while it was dead in 30 minutes in 42.5$^{\circ}C$ in diluted semen. 8. In examination of morphological changes of sperm acrosome for 6 days, normal sperm in skim milk solution and tris buffer solution was 80% and 76.97% respectively, swelling sperm 12.8% and 15.27%, deficient sperm 0.6% and 0.97% abnormal staining 3.07% and 5.25%, immature sperm 0.28%, and 0.23%, whereas other abnormal sperm was 1.28% and 1.42%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 1977

This study was conducted from 1974 to 1977 at Chedong Animal Farm in Che-Ju to determine the effect of sex of calves, birth year and season, breeds and crossing methods on the birth weight of cattle. A total of 1020 calves from Angus, Charolais, Hereford breeds and their crossbred were used for the study and least square methods was applied to analysis the data. Birth weight of male calves was 1kg heavier than that of female. Highly significant differences were obtained in the effects of birthyear on the birth weight, i.e. the cattle born in 1976 and 1977 was 0.9 and 0.2kg heavier in birth weight than those born in 1975. The cattle born in 1974, when the farm was established, was 1.7kg lighter than those in 1975. The calves born in the spring and the summer was 0.6 and 0.3kg heavier in birth weight than those born in the winter. The calves born in the fall was 0.9kg lighter than the calves born in the winter. In birth weight, Charolais breed were 0.4kg heavier than those from Hereford breed. Angus breed were 1.1kg lighter than Hereford. The crossbred between Charolais and Hereford breed were 1.5kg heavier than the Hereford. The birth weight of calves from Angus and Hereford crossbred and Angus and Charolais crossbred were 0.6 and 0.4kg lighter, than Hereford breed respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 1982

Total protein levels of 60 bovine bull sera were treasured with refractometer and the strum proteins were fractionated by cellulose acetate membrane electorphoresis and the relative amount of each fraction was measured with automatic scanning densitometer. The sixty bovine bulls consisted of 17 Charolais bulls, 28 Holstein bulls and 15 Korean bulls. Mean total serum protein level of the total bulls was $7.50{\pm}0.50(Mean{\pm}SD)$, with the mean of Charolais $7.04{\pm}0.37g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $7.62{\pm}0.40g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $7.81{\pm}0.43g/dl$. As barbital-calcium buffer was used in fractionating the bovine serum protein with cellulose acetate membrane, electric current of 0.4 mA per centimeter width of the membrane for an hour resulted in more clear separation between ${\alpha}_1$-globulin and ${\alpha}_2$-globulin than electric current of 0.6 or 1.0 mA for an hour. However ${\alpha}_1$-globulin and ${\alpha}_2$-globulin could not be measured separately with automatic scanning densitometer. Mean serum albumin level of total bulls was $3.54{\pm}0.42g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $3.42{\pm}0.26g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $3.69{\pm}0.38g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $3.39{\pm}0.55g/dl$. Mean serum ${\alpha}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $0.62{\pm}0.14g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $0.61{\pm}0.07g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $0.60{\pm}0.11g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $0.67{\pm}0.23g/dl$. Mean ${\beta}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $0.85{\pm}0.21g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $0.74{\pm}0.11g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $0.83{\pm}0.14g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $1.02{\pm}0.30g/dl$. Mean serum ${\gamma}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $2.48{\pm}0.45g/dl$ with the mean of Charolais $2.27{\pm}0.37g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $2.48{\pm}0.44g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $2.72{\pm}0.47g/dl$.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 1991

The chromosome analyses of blood culture were made of 11 Korean native and 53 crossbred males between the Korean native cattles(K) and Charolais(C), which consisted of $K\times$K, $C\times$K, $C\times$CK, CK$\times$CCK and Charolais synthetic males(CK$\times$CCK or CCK$\times$CK). 1. The diploid(2n=60, XY) Charolais synthetic male has the 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a single large submetacentric X and a small metacentric Y chromosome. 2. The numbers of G-band of karyotype in these males were a few differences in the 8 pairs of autosomes(chromosome 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 19 and 26) compared to those of purebred Korean native ones. G-banding qualities were not matched in chromosome 16, 19 and 29 with the Korean native males and also in chromosome 14, 20 and 22 with other domestic cattles. 3. The G-banding pattern between chromosome 4-6-7 and 24-25-27 was alomost similar together and the possibilityof misidentification was greater in the G-banded preparations. 4. 1/29 Robertsonian translocation and other abnormalities were not observed among 11 Korean native and 53 crossbred males. This result is considered in relation to limited data and further investigation based on larger samples may be necessary for definite conclusion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.665-671
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• 2010

Muscle fiber characteristics and their relationship to water-holding capacity of longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle were studied in Brahman (BRA) and Charolais (CHA) crossbred bulls fattened under practical farm conditions. Thirty-four BRA and 34 CHA bulls were randomly selected and slaughtered at 500, 550 and 600 kg live weight. Parameters of water-holding capacity such as drip, ageing, thawing, cooking and grilling loss were determined. Muscle fiber characteristics were conducted for muscle fiber type percentage and cross-sectional areas of slow- and fast-twitch fiber types, and correlation coefficients to water-holding capacity parameters were calculated. Results showed that CHA meat had a better water-holding capacity (less ageing, thawing and grilling loss) when compared with BRA, whereas slaughter weights had no significant effects on these parameters. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between genotypes and slaughter weights in muscle fiber type percentage and cross-sectional areas of ld muscle. Slow- and fast-twitch fiber types of all experimental groups averaged 24.4 and 75.6%, respectively. Cross-sectional areas of fast-twitch fibers had almost twice the size of slow-twitch fibers (6,721 and 3,713 ${\mu}m^2$, respectively). The correlation between muscle fiber area and water-holding capacity indicated that muscles with larger fiber areas had a lower drip and ageing loss but a higher cooking and grilling loss.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.548-555
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• 2019

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different feeding levels of a total mixed ration silage-based diet on feed intake, total tract digestion, enteric methane emissions, and energy partitioning in two beef cattle genotypes. Methods: Six mature bulls (three Thai natives, and three Thai natives - Charolais crossbreeds) were assigned in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design, with cattle breed genotype in separate squares, three periods of 21 days, and three energy feeding above maintenance levels (1.1, 1.5, and 2.0 MEm, where MEm is metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance). Bulls were placed in a metabolic cage equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to evaluate digestibility, record respiration gases, and determine energy balance. Results: Increasing the feeding level had no significant effect on digestibility but drastically reduced the enteric methane emission rate (p<0.05). Increasing the feeding level also significantly increased the energy retention and utilization efficiency (p<0.01). The Thai native cattle had greater enteric methane emission rate, digestibility, and energy utilization efficiency than the Charolais crossbred cattle (p<0.05). The daily metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance in Thai native cattle ($388kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$, where $BW^{0.75}$ is metabolic body weight) was 15% less than that in Charolais crossbred cattle ($444kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$). Conclusion: Our results suggested that the greater feeding level in zebu beef cattle fed above maintenance levels resulted in improved energy retention and utilization efficiency because of the reduction in enteric methane energy loss. The results also indicated higher efficiency of metabolisable energy utilization for growth and a lower energy requirement for maintenance in Bos indicus than in Bos taurus.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2008

To estimate the genetic characteristics and cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) existing among Hanwoo (Korean cattle) and exotic foreign population (Angus, Herford, Charolais, Holstein) we used a total of 414 genomic DNAs from five breeds population (Hanwoo, Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein). Genetic characteristics indices including mean allele number among loci, unbiased heterozygosity ($h_i$) within locus and polymorphic information content (PIC) and unbiased average heterozygosity (H) among loci in four breeds were calculated using the generated allele frequencies by each marker. The mean allele numbers for all loci ranged between 5 and 7 while heterozygosity (H) ranged from 0.75 (HW) to 0.64 (HF) among loci and across breeds heterozygosity (H) was 0.69. The generated unbiased average heterozygosity among loci in each breed was integrated to the global formula of CPD resulting in 99.71 % within the populations. The genetic variation of HW (Hanwoo) showed highest estimates among the analyzed breeds.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.847-860
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of feeding Charolais steers on diets rich in either n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and time on feed (TOF) on muscle fatty acid composition and content. Twenty eight steers were fed on ad libitum forage and one of two concentrates varying in the source of fat; soya (high in C18:2 n-6) or whole linseed (high in C18:3 n-3) for either 60 or 90 days in IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, UK). The concentrates were fed at approximately 0.73 of total DM intake. TOF influenced carcass weight, conformation and fatness scores, which were higher at 90 v. 60 days (P<0.05). Diet did not affect total fatty acid content of neutral lipid in m. longissimus thoracis but feeding linseed increased total phospholipid fatty acid by approx- imately 15%(P<0.05). Linseed increased the amount and proportion of C18:3 n-3 (P<0.001) and the proportion of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid), while soya increased the content (P<0.05) and proportion (P<0.001) of C18:2 n-6 in muscle neutral lipid. In muscle phospholipid, linseed significantly increased the amount of CLA, C18:3 n-3 and its longer chain derivatives as well as C14:0, C16:0, C18:0. C18:1 trans and C18:2 n-6. The amount and proportion of C18:2 n-6 and its longer chain C20 derivatives were higher on feeding soya. TOF (90 v. 60 day) increased the content of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, CLA, C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 in muscle neutral lipid. The P:S was not affected by diet or TOF. The ratio of C18:2 n-6 : C18:3 n-3 and sum of n-6 : n-3 fatty acids were higher in muscle from animals fed on linseed v. soya (P<0.001). The study indicates that the PUFA composition of beef muscle may be significantly modified by feeding contrasting dietary lipids, soya vs. linseed. Feeding linseed produced a better balance of muscle fatty acids, more in line with current nutritional recommendations with a lower C18:2 n-6:C18:3 n-3 ratio associated with higher muscle content of C18:3 n-3 and C20:5 n-3 and CLA and lower C20:4 n-6.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1745-1752
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the growth performance and carcass evaluation of Jeju native cattle (JNC) and its crossbreds (CBK = 25 JNC: 50 Charolais: 25 Brahman and BCBK = 62.5 JNC: 25 Charolais: 12.5 Brahman) fed for a short fattening period. Eight male calves each of JNC (80.$40{\pm}10$), CBK ($113.50{\pm}12.3$), and BCBK ($100.3{\pm}9.5$) were weaned at 4 month of age and were fed similar diets for 18 months of their age. All animals were fed a growing ration until 12 months of age and thereafter switched to a fattening ration for a period of 6 months. Final body weight (BW) and BW gain were significantly higher in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK gained 27.42% and 25.99% more BW, respectively, compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK animals consumed significantly less DM than JNC to gain a unit of BW. Body weight gain, DM intake and feed conversion efficiency were similar between CBK and BCBK. Weight of hot and cold carcass, ribs, boneless meat and Longissimus dorsi muscle area were significantly different among JNC and its crossbreds. The heaviest carcass was observed in CBK followed by BCBK and JNC. Carcass, chest and femur lengths were greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Chest width, chest depth and hip width were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Femur width was significantly greater in CBK compared with BCBK and JNC. Femur depth and chest girth were significantly greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Weight and fat yield in different carcass cuts were greater in crossbreds compared to JNC. Percent moisture, crude ash, and crude protein of meat were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Percent crude fat in beef was significantly greater in JNC compared with its crossbreds. Beef shear force value, percent water holding capacity, juiciness and tenderness were significantly greater for JNC compared to its crossbreds. In conclusion, CBK and BCBK have shown greater growth rates and produced heavier carcasses with good degree of fatness when compared with JNC.