• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.189-203
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• 1988

The main objective of this dissertation is to find out the measurement methods of household work organization and manger style and the quantitative analysis methods of influential factors on household work organization and manager style. Subjects were homemakers living in metropolitan , medium and small cities. Questionnaires were sent to subjects and usable responses were 1139 out of 1239 received questionnaires. Data collected through both preliminary and main survey were analyzed by using frequencies, percentage, analysis of variance, chi-square test and pearson's correlation analysis. Results are as follows; 1) The degree of household work organization was distributed on upper middle level exceeding middle score. Among subsystems of household work such as task assignment , test regularization, task arrangement and task standardization. subjects show the highest positive attitude in task standardization. 2) The characteristics of management in household work have task centered orientation. By the prority of task centered orientation, the order was integrated style. dedicated style. It means that the most ideal style is an integrated style which accounts for one-third of the total homemakers. 3) Household organization's subsystems and household work manager style are related with socio-demographic variables. Integrated style is significantly related with homemaker's employment and having helpers for household work. homemakers who are employed and have helpers for household work exhibit high scores in task assignment and task arrangement. Dedicated style is significantly related with homemaker's age and the number of children. Homemakers who are older and have many children exhibit high scores in task assignment. Related style is significantly related with marriage duration, education level and income level. Homemakers who have a long marriage duration exhibit high scores in task assignment and who have high education and income level exhibit high scores in task regularization. Seperates style is significantly related with homemaker's age m marriage duration an family life cycle. homemakers who ar older, have a long marriage duration and are of late stage in family life cycle exhibit seperated style and high scores in organization. To summarize research findings, household work manger and household work organization are related with family life experiences, and task assignment is an influential variable on manager style. in conclusion, it is evident that household work organization emphasizes efficiency as cognitive component and such organization. Finally it is necessary to broaden this research considered social psychological variables. And also it needs to build household manger style models appropriate fro the characteristics of each style.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.23-44
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• 2016

Household debt in Korea raises concerns about the resilience of the economy due to its size and quality. Against this backdrop, we investigate if household leverage matters for private consumption in adverse economic environments even without severe financial disruptions. We find that the balance sheet positions in terms of the leverage ratio may weaken consumption growth. We also find that the depressive effect of debt on consumption may differ across types of consumer spending and household characteristics. In particular, the effects of indebtedness have been much stronger in relation to durable goods expenditures than in other areas. In addition, debtors in high-income (wealth) groups have also shown downward adjustments in consumption even more so than low-income (wealth) groups. These findings imply that debtors' precautionary behavior may serve as an important channel from leverage to consumer spending.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2023

Purpose - Since COVID-19, the government's expansion of liquidity to stimulate the economy has resulted in an increase in private debt and an increase in asset prices of such as real estate and stocks. The recent sharp rise of the US Federal fund rate and tapering by the Fed have led to a fast rise in domestic interest rates, putting a heavy burden on the Korean economy, where the level of household debt is very high. Excessive household debt might have negative effects on the economy, such as shrinking consumption, economic recession, and deepening economic inequality. Therefore, now more than ever, it is necessary to identify the causes of the increase in household debt. Design/methodology/approach - Main methodology is regression analysis. Dependent variable is household loans from depository institutions. Independent variables are consumer price index, unemployment rate, household loan interest rate, housing sales price index, and composite stock price index. The sample periods are from 2017 to May 2022, comprising 72 months of data. The comparative analysis period before and after COVID-19 is from January 2017 to December 2019 for the pre-COVID-19 period, and from Jan 2020 to December 2022 for the post-COVID-19 period. Findings - Looking at the results of the regression analysis for the entire period, it was found that increases in the consumer price index, unemployment rate, and household loan interest rates decrease household loans, while increases in the housing sales price index increase household loans. Research implications or Originality - Household loans of depository institutions are mainly made up of high-credit and high-income borrowers with good repayment ability, so the risk of the financial system is low. As household loans are closely linked to the real estate market, the risk of household loan defaults may increase if real estate prices fall sharply.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5D
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• pp.657-662
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• 2011

The relationship between household attributes and trip generation can only be found in Seoul Metropolitan Household Travel Survey, which has been implemented every 5 years. However, various household attributes' impact on trip generation has not been analyzed closely. This paper compared and analyzed those impact. The results could be useful when trip generation models are studied in the future. They are as follows. The household size should be an important classification criteria when household trip generation is estimated. The traditional assumption that the relationship between household auto ownership and trip generation is positive and linear correlation should be reconsidered. Weekday travel data only did not showed that housing type has an influence on trip generation. Household income is unrelated with trip generation among single-person household, while multi-person household is related strongly. However, when trips are classified by purpose, impact of household income on trip generation are varied by trip purpose. Especially, the increase in single-person household can not be overlooked when trip generation is forecasted.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.489-502
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• 2015

This study identifies the relation between recognition relatively deprivation and consumption patterns. The data used were the seventh Korea Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS). The final sample of 1,597 households was selected based on several sampling steps standard weights suggested by KOWEPS were applied. The final sample was subdivided into household recognizing relatively deprivation (51.7%) and non-household recognizing relatively deprivation (48.3%) per level of subjective income and objective income. We derived six consumption patterns from the cluster analysis as per consumption ratio: transportation dominant consumption pattern, essential consumption pattern, other dominant consumption pattern, care attention consumption pattern, private transfer consumption pattern, and education dominant consumption pattern. The results of this study are as follows. The analysis of the determinants of recognizing relatively deprivation in regards to question one found that the household was likely to be relatively deprived when: the head of a household was older, a household had a dual income, children and more total assets then those assessed 1 year ago compared to household living conditions, result of comparing the consumption patterns difference between household recognizing relatively deprivation and non-household recognizing relatively deprivation indicated that household recognizing relatively deprivation was more likely to belong to the transportation dominant consumption pattern, other dominant consumption pattern, and private transfer consumption pattern. The multinomial logistic analysis conducted to understand the determinants affecting the consumption patterns of household recognizing relatively deprivation indicated differences in demographic characteristics, household-related variables, financial variables and perception of economic conditions.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.125-143
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of households with a negative cash flow. The Household Budget Survey conducted in 2000, 2005, and 2010 by the Bureau of Statistics in South Korea were used for this study. The households used in this study were divided into four groups according to their income levels; they were categorized the lowest, low, middle, and high income groups. This study made several findings regarding households with a negative/positive cash flow. Firstly, the demographic and economic characteristics were different between those who have a negative cash flow and those with a positive cash flow. A female household head, a household head age 65 and older, a household head with a lower educational attainment, an unemployed household head, and the presence of a child/children in schools were related with the household deficit. Secondly, the households with a positive cash flow had a higher income level compared to the households with a negative cash flow, while the households with a negative cash flow had a much higher consumption level compared to the households with a positive cash flow. Thirdly, the household deficit to total income ratio of the lowest income group was higher when compared to any other income group. Lastly, the multivariate statistics showed that households including a child/children in schools are more likely to be a household with a negative cash flow. Especially, the expenditures on education and transportation were related with the likelihood of a household deficit.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.203-210
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• 2007

Since the emissions composition from the household products have potentially been associated with health risks for building occupants, the chemical composition emitted from the products should be surveyed. The current study identified the emission composition for 42 liquid household products, using a purge-and-trap method. This evaluation was done by classifying the household products into five product classes (deodorizers, household cleaners, color removers, pesticides, and polishes). Nineteen compounds were chosen on the basis of selection criteria. The quality control program for purge-and-trap and analytical systems included tests of laboratory blank Tenax traps and blank water samples, and the determination of calibration equation, measurement precision, method detection limit (MDL), and recovery. The number of chemicals varied according to the product categories, ranging from 4 for the product category of bleaches to 12 for the product categories of air fresheners and nail color removers. For all product categories, the emission composition and concentrations varied broadly according to product. It is noteworthy that most household products emit limonene: 19 of 25 cleaning products; 5 of 6 deodorizers; 1 of 3 pesticides; 3 of 3 color removers; and 4 of 5 polishes. It was suggested that the use of household products sold in Korea could elevate the formation of secondary toxic pollutants in indoor environments, by the reaction of limonene with ozone, which entered indoor environments or might be generated by indoor sources such as electronic air cleaning devices and copying machines.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.21-39
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• 1989

This paper is to determine the clothing and footwear of urban household consumption expenditures and an analysis of historical data from relevant literature. Particularly, time-series and cross sectional analysis techniques are adopted in analysing the patterns of clothing and footwear consumption expenditures of urban households. Finally, this paper estimates consumption expenditures in the future by comparing these revealed data with the Korea and Japan. Annual Report on the family Income and Expenditure Survey and M.R.A. in S.P.S.S. were used. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of the clothing and footwear expenditure has decreased with the increase of income in urban household during 1976-1987. 2.1) Household consumption function by Income group, the Lower group is higher than the other group. 2) Household consumption function by Occupation of household head. Income elasticity estimation in administrative managerial workers is higher than the other group. 3) Household consumption function by Family size. Income elasticity estimation in 6 Persons is higher than the other group. But 4 Persons is higher in 1986. 4) Household consumption function by Age of household head. Income elasticity estimation in 50 Years and over is higher than the other group. 3. Comparison of characteristics of clothing and footwear consumption expenditures in Korea and Japan were M.R.A. Generally, the priority correlation order for Korea is Outwear, Sweaters and Shirt, Other clothing. For Japan, the order is Sweaters and Shirts, Underwear, Services.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.17-29
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the household labors that are performed by dual income families. The methodology that has been applied in this study was a qualitative research based on in-depth interviews of a total of 10 people(8 housewives, 2 husbands) selected from the 8 different families. The 8 different families have been selected in order to identify the different family lives and the various household labor patterns that are conducted by both the working husband and the working wife. As a result, we have found out that working wives still had to manage their time in an extremely busy manner in order to balance their professional work with their household tasks. However, the household work that was being shared by the husbands also seemed to vary dynamically according to the different family situations. Although, it has shown that household tasks are divided by the person's sex, the amount of household tasks that are shared tended to increase according to the life cycle of each family.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.101-116
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• 2018

Paying an attention to the issue of energy poverty of low-income households and ensuing regressivity of energy consumption, this study empirically analyzes the effects of both household and housing characteristics on heating energy consumption in an integrated way and identifies their causal structure based on the 2016 Korea Housing Survey data provided by the Korean government. Multiple regression analysis shows that household income and deteriorated level of housing, such as age and degree of cracks have positive effects and floor area of housing has a negative effect on the heating energy consumption per unit area of housing (HECPUH). Path analyses further reveal that the direct effect of household income on HECPUH is offset by the indirect effects that are mediated by deteriorated level and floor area of housing, making the total effect statistically insignificant. As a result, there is no significant difference in HECPUH across all income strata, implying that low-income (high-income) households pay more (less) heating costs relative to their income level, since they reside in the houses with relatively low (high) energy efficiency. To deal with this regressive causal structure of energy consumption, a policy option is recommended to improve energy efficiency of low-income housing through the government assistance in its maintenance and repair.