• Journal of English Language & Literature
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.445-459
• /
• 2010

William Carlos Williams discovers important sources of inspiration in the revolutionary avant-garde movements, in particular, Dada and Surrealism and attempted to embody the innovations in them in his poetic theory and practice. Williams's passion to create an indigenous American poetic work is compatible with his Dadaist experimentation with objets trouvés. Williams pays deep attention to objets trouvés, physical objects and marginalized people he comes across and transcribes his observations with poetic words freed from their instrumental contexts. In his characteristic poems written in the 1920s and 1930s, Williams records the social ruination and his task to give voice to the conflictual and fragmentary character of modernity is pursued through the Surrealist formulation of montage. In the Surrealist formulation of montage, the dialectical image is a central trope for reading the myth of modernity; it is positioned as both subject and object in the historiographic narratives of Walter Benjamin and Williams. As Benjamin tries to obliterate all traces of the author in the Arcades Project, Williams's montage poems like Spring and All only disperse argument into materialistic, dialectical images. The dialectical image in Williams's poetics becomes an organon of historical awakening so that truth can emerge from an unmediated juxtaposition of "things."

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.143-163
• /
• 2011

The National Assembly of R.O.K. has established and developed parliamentary democratic system up to now since the Constitutional Assembly in 1948. However, in order to establish and develop the management system that reflects an inherent character of the parliamentary minutes, lots of things are yet to be improved in institutional and operational aspects. This study aimed to propose the proper management system and improvement methods of the parliamentary minutes by comparing & analyzing minutes management cases of major foreign countries having a long history and the minutes of the National Assembly of R.O.K. First, it is necessary to make in-depth discussions about methods for reorganizing administrative system for the efficient production and management of the parliamentary minutes. Second, for the guarantee of the parliamentary minutes, systematical management based on laws is needed. The various types and value and characteristics involved in the minutes of the National Assembly can be said to start with a congressman, a representative the Nation and a member of the National Assembly. Accordingly, the minutes of the National Assembly produced from parliamentary members who were elected by the people must be freely utilized by the people.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2014

As part of reconsideration on naming of the scenic site No.1 "Myeongju Cheonghak-dong Sogumgang," this study attempts to identify whether there is any mistake with reference to place naming of Korea's No.1 scenic site and if so, to correct the problem by examining the origin of the name and its transition progress through analysis and interpretation of old maps, ancient documents such as traditional geographic books, Yusangi(遊山記) and Letters Carved on the Rocks. The findings of this study are as follows: In traditional geographic books, a term of 'Mt. Cheonghak(靑鶴山)' was first found from "SinjungDonggookyeojisungram(新增東國輿地勝覽)" and after a place name, 'Sogumgang(小金剛)' first appeared in "Yeojidoseo(輿地圖書)" in the middle of the 17th century, it was reproduced in "Jungsuimyeongji(增修臨瀛誌)", which was published in the early 20th century. However, as a result of analyzing old maps, the place name, Sogumgang cannot be found in any local or national map except place names such as Cheonghak-dong, Mt. Cheonghak and Temple Cheonghak. Even though 'Biseonam,' 'Cheonyudong,' 'Gyeongdam' and 'Mt. Cheonghak' appear in Yulgok's "Yucheonghaksangi(遊靑鶴山記)", any part in which 'Sogumgang' was referred is not found. Later, Cheonghak-dong Sogumgang seemed to had been called 'Mt. Cheonghak' or 'Cheonghak-dong(靑鶴洞)' for more than three centuries as seen in Lee Sun-il's "Godamilgo(孤潭逸稿)", Heo Geun's farewell records, Heo Mok's "Cheonghak-dong Guryongyeongi(靑鶴洞九龍淵記)", Yoon Sun-geo(尹宣擧)'s "Padongilgi(巴東日記)" and Lee Won-jo's letters and a poem composed by Gang Jae-hang in the middle of the 18th century is the only record in which the place name, 'Sogumgang' is shown. Meanwhile, 'Sogumgang' carved on Inung Rock(二能巖) in front of Temple Gumgang is presumed to be carved by Inunggyeoone(二能契員) in the 1870s or in 1930s, considering the size of each character, calligraphy, overall layout, wear extent and records in Jiriji. Therefore, no evidence can be found to say that each character of 'Sogumgang' was written by Yulgok because 'Sogumgang' has strong evidences of the origin of its place name. To sum up the findings stated above, since Yulgok's "Yucheonghaksangi", this place seems to have been referred as 'Mt. Cheonghak Cheonghak-dong' and as it is confirmed that the place name, 'Sogumgang' first appeared in "Ohyeongosijo(五言古時調)" of "Ibjaeseonsangyugo(立齋先生遺稿)" and "Yeojidoseo" in the middle of the 18th century, it can be inferred that the place name, Sogumgang had been partly mingled as an another name of Mt. Cheonghak. Therefore, even though it is difficult to say the existing place name has a significant problem, it is thought that it will be better to name 'Mt. Cheonghak Cheonghak-dong' rather than 'Cheonghak-dong Sogumgang' in order to stress on this place's traditional identity as a scenic site related to Yulgok. In addition, as confirmed in this study process, it is said that each character of place names, 'Mt. Cheonghak' and 'Gyeongdam(鏡潭)' and name 'Yoon Sun-geo' carved in Rock Sikdang stated in Yoon Sun-geo's "Padongilgi" in 1964 is a pledge showing the influence of "Yucheonghaksangi" as an ancient travel literature as well as a mark of the Giho school scholars' respect and spirit to honor Yulgok.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 2019

Background/Objectives: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has generally an indolent character with a good prognosis. However, recurrence remains a major concern for the patients during their lifetime. Despite the slowly progressing character of PTC, recurrence can occur within a short period after initial surgery. This study aimed to determine the clinical findings and cause of recurrence in patients who underwent re-operative surgery due to neck node recurrence by reviewing the CT (computed tomographic) scan imaging of the recurrence of PTC retrospectively. Materials & Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients referred to Ajou University Hospital from January 2002 to January 2018. All patients had re-operative surgery due to neck node recurrence and CT scan results of preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow up. Over this period, 110 patients who underwent re-operation due to neck node recurrence with a CT scan were included in our cohort, resulting in a total of 220 re-operations. Results: The time from initial operation to first re-operation was examined in 110 patients. The median time to re-operation was 28 months, with a range of 4 months to 186 months. Most re-operations (82.7%) occurred within the first five years, 43.6% were in the first two years from the initial surgery. The result of the retrospective CT review showed newly developed cases (21,19.1%), missed diagnosis cases (42,38.2%), real recur cases after surgery (33,30.0%), and remnant lymph nodes (LNs) cases (14,12.7%). We further sub-analyzed 14 cases with remnant LNs. Reasons for remnant LNs included insufficient operation (N=5) and beyond general surgical extent. (N=9). Conclusion: Re-operation due to cervical lymph node recurrence is mostly a persistent disease. They included a missed diagnosis and incomplete operation. These finding may reduce the reoperation of cervical lymph node recurrence by accurate preoperative evaluation and complete surgical resection at the initial surgery.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.18 no.7
• /
• pp.647-655
• /
• 2018

Someone said Chongkukjang(淸麴醬) might be a Jang(醬) that made it possible to eat quickly at the time of war, and it is called Jonkukjang(戰國醬), or it might have been learned from the Qing Dynasty, and it was also called Chongkukjang(淸國醬) or Jonsijang(煎?醬). It is not true. Even more they say the first appearance of Chongkukjang in the Korean ancient documents is in "Jeungbosallimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)" of the 1700s. Other argument is that Chongkukjang is also known as the Three Kingdoms since it was in the records of 'Shi(?)' which means Meju and chongkukjang written in "The Chronicles of the Three States(三國史記)". It is not clear whether Chongkukjang was introduced from the Qing Dynasty (1600s) or from the Three kingdom period. In this article, the history of Chongkukjang was studied through the records of ancient documents. There was a Chongkukjang(?) in Goguryeo and Silla era. Chongkukjang was called as Jyonkuk(젼국), Chyonkuk(쳔국), Chyongkuk(?국), and it was written as '?' as the Chinese character. Chongkukjang began to be perceived as Jang such as Doenjang and Gochujang at some time, and it was used as Jonsijang, Jonkukjang, but now it was unified as Chongkukjang(淸國醬). The meaning of '?' also means Chongkukjang until the 1500s, and after 1600, it happened to be it's meaning is changed to Meju and Doenjang. There is no evidence that Chongkukjang has history of war or food related to the Qing Dynasty. Chongkukjang has more than 2200 years of history, but since it was there before it recorded, it had a history of thousands of years earlier than this.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.211-219
• /
• 2021

Chinese Tibetan Opera is a highly comprehensive drama type, which combines the educational aesthetic characteristics of the realism of Western drama and the freehand of Chinese opera, including mask play, square play, ritual play and religious play. Tibetan opera, as a kind of local drama, has high research value, which is determined by its educational aesthetic characteristics. The world's three major dramas include Sanskrit dramas in India, tragic-comedies in ancient Greece and Chinese dramas, which have different forms of expression and educational aesthetic characteristics. Because of the particularity of its birthplace, Tibetan Opera inherits some of the three forms of the above three dramas. Ancient Greek tragedies originate from the sacrificial ritual of the god of wine. In the early ceremonial action performances, the actors were all men and needed to wear masks to perform. In Tibetan opera, men also play a role in masks, which are originated from the folk totem dance and religious pantomime music and dance. Due to the long history of Indian Sanskrit drama, except for the relevant records in dance theory, the specific performance form can not be verified. However, according to the relevant records in dance theory, the three characters "Wenba", "Jialu" and "Lamu" in the opening play of Tibetan opera are similar to the "concept character play" in Sanskrit opera. Tibetan Opera is a very important part of traditional Chinese opera, which inherits the educational aesthetic characteristics of Chinese opera.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
• /
• no.1
• /
• pp.23-76
• /
• 2000

In this paper, I examined what have been researched and determined about preservation strategy and selection of preservation media in the western archival community. Archivists have primarily been concerned with 'preservation' and 'use' of archival materials worth of being preserved permanently. In the new information era, preservation and use of archival materials were faced with new challenge. Life expectancy of paper records was shortened due to acidification and brittleness of the modem papers. Also emergence of information technology affects the traditional way of preservation and use of archival materials. User expectations are becoming so high technology-oriented and so complicated as to make archivists act like information managers using computer technology rather than traditional archival handicraft. Preservation strategy plays an important role in archival management as well as information management. For a cost-effective management of archives and archival institutions, preservation strategy is a must. The preservation strategy encompasses all aspects of archival preservation process and practices, from selection of archives, appraisal, inventorying, arrangement, description, conservation, microfilming or digitization, archival buildings, and access service. Those archival functions should be considered in their relations to each other to ensure proper preservation of archival materials. In the integrated preservation strategy, 'preservation' and 'use' should be combined and fulfilled without sacrificing the other. Preservation strategy planning is essential to determine the policies of archives to preserve their holdings safe and provide people with a maximum access in most effective ways. Preservation microfilming is to ensure permanent preservation of information held in important archival materials. To do this, a detailed standardization has been developed to guarantee the permanence of microfilm as well as its product quality. Silver gelatin film can last up to 500 years in the optimum storage environment and the most viable option for permanent preservation media. ISO and ANIS developed such standards for the quality of microfilms and microfilming technology. Preservation microfilming guidelines was also developed to ensure effective archival management and picture quality of microfilms. It is essential to assess the need of preservation microfilming. Limit in resources always put a restraint on preservation management. Appraisal (and selection) of what to be preserved was the most important part of preservation microfilming. In addition, microfilms with standard quality can be scanned to produce quality digital images for instant use through internet. As information technology develops, archivists began to utilize information technology to make preservation easier and more economical, and to promote use of archival materials through computer communication network. Digitization was introduced to provide easy and universal access to unique archives, and its large capacity of preserving archival data seems very promising. However, digitization, i.e., transferring images of records to electronic codes, still, needs to be standardized. Digitized data are electronic records, and st present electronic records are very unstable and not to be preserved permanently. Digital media including optical disks materials have not been proved as reliable media for permanent preservation. Due to their chemical coating and physical character using light, they are not stable and can be preserved at best 100 years in the optimum storage environment. Most CD-R can last only 20 years. Furthermore, obsolescence of hardware and software makes hard to reproduce digital images made from earlier versions. Even if when reformatting is possible, the cost of refreshing or upgrading of digital images is very expensive and the very process has to be done at least every five to ten years. No standard for this obsolescence of hardware and software has come into being yet. In short, digital permanence is not a fact, but remains to be uncertain possibility. Archivists must consider in their preservation planning both risk of introducing new technology and promising possibility of new technology at the same time. In planning digitization of historical materials, archivists should incorporate planning for maintaining digitized images and reformatting them in the coming generations of new applications. Without the comprehensive planning, future use of the expensive digital images will become unavailable. And that is a loss of information, and a final failure of both 'preservation' and 'use' of archival materials. As peter Adelstein said, it is wise to be conservative when considerations of conservations are involved.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2012

This paper aims to investigate changes in Korean family structures by reflecting on the perception of traditional family rites and family systems. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 married middle-aged men (9) and women (8) who had at least one child. Findings were as follows: First, both married middle aged men and women internalized Confucianism. They thought that the head of household, who was male as far as possible, was needed for the formation of a normal family. In addition, both of married middle-aged men and women recognized married women as outsiders based on Chul-ga-we-in-sa-sang. And they put parents-children relationships ahead of couple relationships and supported Jang-ja-woo-dae-sang-sok (privileging the eldest son over the other children in terms of the distribution of family resources and inheritance based on Confucianism). However, there were some differences to support the use of Hang-ryul-ja, which is based on expressing the character of generation by sharing the first name, and the importance of Jok-bo. which is based on traditional family genealogical records. Second, even though women internalized Confucianism, they did not attach traditional meanings to memorial services for ancestors to the extent that men did and defined family members as a procreation family boundaries unlike men, who defined family boundary as original family members and procreation family members. In conclusion, even though family laws and culture have evolved from the patrilineal family system to one which promotes gender equality, married men and women internalize Confucianism. Instead, some transformations are evident from the perspective of females in terms of memorial services for ancestors and family boundaries.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.65-84
• /
• 2009

This study was to analyze the philological character of Huangdizhaijing(黃帝宅經). Huangdizhaijing is a first stage scriptures of YangzhaiFengshui(陽宅風水) which is the firstly mentioned book in Sikuquanshu(四庫全書). Huangdizhaijing is an obligatory book to read to understand the palace of ancient dynasty as well as general housing of people. Huangdizhaijing measured housing conditions divided into Yangzhai(陽宅) and Yinzhai(陰宅). The contents succeeded traditional Yangzhaiguan(陽宅觀) which values direction(方向) and Jiri(吉日). Thatis, classifying Yangzhai into 24 directions based on Qi of YinYang(陰陽之氣) theory, general contents of Huangdizhaijing explains regulatory rules and propitious day in accordance with the Yangzhai mathematical principles and archaeology through Jixiongshenshalun(吉凶神煞論). Huangdizhaijing includes the kernel of understanding the chinese architect system and housing culture because it describes close reciprocal influences between man and house. It seems that the author of Huangdizhaijing is not the emperor but he was represented by descendants who systemized the idea of Huangdizhaijing in Yangzhai shu(陽宅書). Being there many of documents presented by emperor like Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑), It is counted that the reason of the representing emperor is to show off its origin has long and authoritative history. It seems that the preserved period of writing Huangdizhaijing is Tang(唐) dynasty, but counting that various Yangzhaishu prevailed, Huangdizhaijing's contents has much in common with Dunhuangben(敦煌本), and it valued Menfazhidu(門閥制度) of Weijinnanbeichao(魏晉南北朝) dynasty, the many of the contents of Huangdizhaijing should be formed before Tang dynasty. The exiting editions of Huangdizhaijing could be divided into generally 8 kinds:(1) Zhengtongdaocangben(正統道藏本) (2)Yimenguangduben(夷門廣牘本) (3)Jindaimishuben(津逮秘書本) (4)Shuofuben(說?本) (5)Gujintushujichengben(古今圖書集成本) (6) Sikuquanshuben(四庫全書本) (7)Xuejintaoyuanben(學津討原本) (8)Dunhuangben(敦煌本).

• Survey Research
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.23-53
• /
• 2008

To estimate the usability of resident register for the statistical purpose this study compares resident register with census data. The comparison shows that the differences between resident register and census data are closely related with life cycle. Among the aged the incorrect registration is supposed as the main cause for the difference, while among the other age groups the problems rise mainly from their social and economic activities. Especially among the age group between 15 and 24 level of the difference is very high, which results from university entrance and employment. This result confirms the importance of the comparison between these data according to age groups. The structural character of this difference suggests that the difference can be explained and reduced through policies.