• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.373-386
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• 2003

Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA were determined for 14 individuals representing eight taxa from Scopolia s. str. and related genera, Anisodus and Atropanthe. We found that the ITS sequences of Korean endemic species, S. parviflora, are significantly different from its allied species, S. japonica. This is contradictory to traditional taxonomic treatments in which those species are regarded as conspecific. S. parviflora exhibited closer relationship to S. carniolica, which is disjunctly distributed in Europe. In spite of substantially high sequence divergence between S. japonica and S. parvlflora/S. carniolica clade, morphological resemblance is evident among the species. Morphological stasis concept (retardation of morphological differentiation or evolution of similar characters among the disjuncts in a similar ecological habitat) was referred to understand this rather unusual evolutionary feature. S. lutescens, another Korean endemic species, shared almost identical ITS sequences with S. parviflora. Lack of diagnostic character distinguishing the taxa suggests that they are conspecific. Anisodus carniolicoides, which was originally described in Scopolia, was grouped with A. luridus and A. tanguticus. The monophyletic Anisodus formed a sister group relationship with a monotypic genus Atropanthe.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.339-357
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• 2003

The general morphological characters and chromosome numbers about 7 taxa of Korean Allium sect. Sacculiferum were reviewed. From the results, authors elucidated the key character as well as the range of variations in each taxon, and considered the relationships among taxa in this section. Clear taxonomic treatments also carried out based on the type specimens and the original descriptions. Shape and growing pattern of leaves, size of inflorescences, shape of perianths and tepals, as well as chromosome numbers were key characters in identifying the taxa and in estimating their relationships. On the basis of these characters, A. thunbergii var. thunbergii, A. sacculiferum and A. deltoide-fistulosum were recognised as a distinct species respectively. Hal-la-bu-chu which had been misidentified as A. cyaneum (sect. Reticulato-bulbosa) in Korea was proved to be A. taquetii and belonged to the sect. Sacculi/erum. In addition, A. cyaneum var. deltoides, had been described as a variety of A. cyaneum, was recombined as a variety of A. thunbergii [A. thunbergii var. deltoides (S. Yu, W. Lee et S. Lee) H. J. Choi et B. U. Oh] with the new Korean name of 'Se-mo-san-bu-chu'. In conclusion, Korean sect. Sacculiferum was composed of five species and two varieties. A key to identify the taxa in this section was provided.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2011

The morphological characters of Scrophularia kakudensis Franch. and its relatives were examined. The major features of S. kakudensis were determined to resolve the taxonomic confusion with the closely related taxa of S. kakudensis var. microphylla, S. pilosa and S. cephalantha. S. kakudensis is characterized by its flowering in Jul. to Sep., the node numbers on a stem, the size of the leaves, the development of inflorescences and the presence of glandular trichomes on its stems and leaves. S. cephalantha is distinct from S. kakudensis by the earlier flowering season, fewer node numbers on a stem, and fewer numbers of flowers on shorter rachis. Smaller sizes of S. kakudensis var. microphylla, considered to be a problematic character previously, are stable and distinctive from other taxa in the natural habitats of the multiple populations investigated in the study. Therefore, the taxon should remain as a variety of S. kakudensis. An examination of the diagnostic characteristics of S. pilosa, such as its inflorescence type and the presence of a stem with pubescence, does not provide sufficient distinction from S. kakudensis. A type specimen and habitat survey also support the merging of the two taxa. S. pilosa should be treated as a synonym of S. kakudensis, because it is considered to be a misidentification of S. kakudensis.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.327-331
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• 2020

In that this study is a subject and character of risk, emerging security covers non-military areas in addition to traditional military security: environmental security, human security, resource security, and cyber security. The rise of these risks is not only changing the phenomenon of the new expansion of security areas, but also the expansion of the number and scope of security entities and the aspect of security world politics. These risks are transnational security issues at the global level in terms of their nature and extent of the damage, as well as multi-layered ones that affect local and personal security issues at the regional and national levels. In addition to national actors, non-state actors such as international organizations, multinational corporations, and global civil society, and furthermore, technology and social systems themselves are causing risks. Therefore, to solve the new security problem, it is necessary to establish a middle-level and complex governance mechanism that is sought at the regional and global levels beyond the fragmented dimension of the occurrence of new security issues that have been overlooked in the existing frame of perception, and to predict and find ways to respond to new security paradigms that have been identified in a broader sense.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.263-274
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• 2015

Change in morphological and biological characteristics of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, by maturation were determined by examination of 182 individuals collected in Korea waters from September to December 2014. Eels were classified into four stages based on the silvering index. The proportion of silver eels collected from streams and estuaries (34.6%) was higher than that from the freshwater reservoirs (3.8%). The sex ratio between female and male was 1:0.11 (n=182). Mean total length and weight were positively related to the silvering process. The ratios of head and pectoral lengths to total length and the ratio of horizontal and vertical orbital diameters to head length were significantly different between the maturation stages. However the ratio of pre-dorsal and pre-anal lengths to total length were not significantly different between the maturation stages. The gonado-somatic index was the single character that could identify the whole four stages among the indices examined: gonado-somatic index (GSI), condition factor (K), gut index (GI) and eye index (EI) but hepato-somatic index (HSI). One pseudo-silver eel collected. looked like a late silver eel in the S2 stage according to its external body color and morphology, but most of other characteristics suggested that it might be in Y1 (yellow eel) or Y2 stage (late yellow eel).

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.11-19
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• 2009

At present, an intelligent transport system (ITS) is being actively introduced as an alternative plan to solve various transport problems, and a traffic information provision service, a field of ITS, is being provided to users through diverse media. However, the evaluation of how useful the traffic information provided to the road users is limited to a simple questionnaire, and the systematic evaluation about what factors affect the usefulness of traffic information has not been realized. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate user convenience occurring due to traffic information, This paper aimed to develop an index to evaluate user satisfaction levels with traffic information and develop a user satisfaction level model. A result of establishing a user satisfaction level model by executing a questionnaire survey for the analysis object of variable message sign (VMS), a representative information provision medium, showed that 'desire satisfaction', 'trust', 'understanding', and 'efficiency' have an effect. Of them, the 'understanding' showed the highest level, so it was seen that, in case of VMS, how easily the character, figure, expression, etc. provided in the information was understood by users has the biggest effect on the satisfaction level of the information. The next levels of effects on the satisfaction was in the order of 'user trust', 'efficiency', and 'desire satisfaction'.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.69-76
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• 2015

Although traffic information has been actively analyzed using big data, it has not been used as much with the consideration of driver characteristics. Among the various types of information, road signs can directly affect the driver. Road signs must provide the optimal information that enables drivers to reach their destinations with ease as well as information suitable for navigation systems. However, present road sign rules provide standardized information, regardless of the road type or size. This study suggests a method for providing road information that will help drivers determine their behavior. First, the minimum character size that can be used on a road sign for each design speed was obtained with respect to the visibility and decipherability of a road sign. Instead of conventional diagram-based direction guidance, a scenario using split-based direction guidance was created. To verify the effectiveness of the provided information, a three-dimensional simulated road environment was constructed, and a driving simulator was used for the test. At a simple plane intersection, the driver was not greatly influenced by directional guidance, but at a complex, three-dimensional intersection, the driver preferred summary-based directional guidance, which is instinctive guidance, over diagram-based guidance. On the basis of the test results, a secondary verification test that applied split-based guidance at a three-dimensional intersection confirmed that the driver had no problems in making decisions.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.319-335
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of variables of interest on mothers' choices of infant care. The variables of interest in this study were categorized into the following three areas: 1) demographic characteristics of mothers and infants, 2) structural and procedual dimensions of infant care facilities, and 3) maternal beliefs on child-rearing. The subjects of this study were mothers whose infants were currently cared by at infant care facilities(n=185) and those who were on the waiting list to use non-maternal infant care(n=53). The main results of this study were as follows. First, mothers of this study preferred to select a type of center-based subsidized infant care over other types of care(family day care) due to quality of the program. Second, the mothers who were not using infant care and cared for their infants at homes reported that there were limitations in their choices of types of infant care due to accessibility and availability of public subsidized infant care facilities, and their child rearing goals were more likely to emphasize learning achievement and maturity than character education or personality. The mothers were more likely to choose a family home care over center-based public subsidized care when they were employed, had younger infants, had longer period of time on waiting lists, and emphasized structural dimensions of infant care than center-based care users. Implications for research and practices were discussed along with the main results of this study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 1995

This study was designed to explore the effectiveness of education to improve self-care of stroke patients with three types of charactor health locus of control and constitution. A total of 56 patients were selected by convenience sampling at one oriental hospital. The teaching of self-care was conducted by the researcher. The self-care performance was measured for 10 days. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe method as post hoc test. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The self-care performance by patients' characteristics : Age and education had impact on the self-care performance. The level of self-care performance of young and high educated patients was high, gender, religion, occupation, monthly income, and the paralyzed side, however, didn't have influence on the self-care performance. 2. The self-care performance of patients with three types of constitution : There was no statistical significance on the self-care performance of patients group by constitution. However, average score of self-care performance of patients with So-Um was high. 3. The self-care performance of patients with three types of health locus of control : There was no statistical significance on self-care performance of patient group by health locus of control. 4. The correlation between the constitution and the health locus of control : There was no statistical significance on the introverted and chance health locus of control of patients with three types of constitution. However, there was a statistically significant relationship between the powerful others health locus of control and So-Yang. Even though there was no statistically significant self-care performance of patients with So-Um, there was a clinical significance on the high score of self-care performance of patients with So-Um as compared with the self-care performance of the patients. The health locus of control didn't have influence on the self-care performance of patients. There was a statistically significant relationship between the powerful others health locus of control and So-Yang. Therefore, this study suggest the need to develop the nursing intervention to improve the self-care of stroke patients with the powerful others health locus of control and So-Yang, Furthermore, the longitudinal research is needed to determine the effectiveness of training to imp

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.287-311
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• 2013

The arbitration parties may disagree with the arbitrator's award about whether they are eligible for the dispute case. While lots of disputes cases relating to subrogation are arising, it is not easy to find subrogation arbitration system to handle them clearly. The main issue is an availability of subrogation arbitration in case of the dispute which the insurer requests the arbitration against the carrier according to the arbitration clause of Bill of Lading. The direct parties of arbitration clause of the B/L are the carrier and the holder of the B/L. Could the insurer get the position of the arbitration party in stead of the holder of the B/L after compensation if there was an accident of insurance on the way of carriage? Even though there are a few arbitral awards of subrogation, the reason of the eligibility of subrogation arbitration is not enough. This paper scrutinized precedent research papers, arbitration awards, judicial precedents, and the Automobile Subrogation Arbitration System. Vague dispute resolution system which burden corporations with so many costs must be not good for business. In the view of economic efficiency, blank of contract, reciprocality, and Coase Theorem, it is recommended that subrogation arbitration system for the international trade would be better focus on the hypothesis of "Firm Offer Character of Arbitration Clause."