• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2019

Background: We aimed to assess the dose needed to achieve the propofol effect-site concentration using target-controlled infusion in intellectually disabled patients and to detail the most effective method for achieving a safe level of consciousness without hemodynamic changes as well as detail any resulting adverse effects. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of sedation service records of 138 intellectually disabled patients (51, mental retardation; 36, autism; 30, brain lesion, 12 genetic diseases, 9 dementia) aged over 15 years and weighing over 30 kg. These patients had received propofol via target-controlled infusion in the special care dental clinic of Seoul National University Dental Hospital from May 2008 to September 2018 for restorative treatment (112), minor surgery (13), prosthodontics (7), periodontics treatment (5), and implant (1). Results: For all groups, the duration of dental treatments was $43{\pm}18$ minutes, total sedation time was $73{\pm}23$ minutes, and total BIS values was $57{\pm}12$. The propofol maintenance dosage values for each group were: mental retardation, $3{\pm}0.5(2-4){\mu}g/ml$; autism, $3.1{\pm}0.7(2-5){\mu}g/ml;$; brain lesion, $2.8{\pm}0.7(1.5-5){\mu}g/ml;$; genetic disease, $2.9{\pm}0.9(1-4){\mu}g/ml;$ and dementia $2.3{\pm}0.7(1-3.4){\mu}g/ml;$. Conclusions: The dementia group needed a lower dosage to reach a safe, effective propofol effect-site concentration than the other groups. Since there were no complications, deep sedation is a great alternative to general anesthesia for dental treatment of intellectually disabled patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 1992

신체나 정신적으로 건강한 남자 대학생 15명을 대상으로 시판 소주(25%)를 식사 후 $3{\sim}4$시간 지나서 체중 kg당 ethyl alcohol 1ml(60kg 체중의 경우 소주 4잔, (240ml 또는 맥주 $2\frac{1}{5}$병 정도)되도록 마시게 한 후 시간별(5, 30, 60, 90분)로 Alcohol Sensor 100을 사용하여 호기로 혈중알를농도를 측정하고 선택반응시간검사(교통 신호등 반응시간검사), 눈과 손의 협동능력기능검사 및 연속가산에 의한 계산능력기능검사를 술을 마신 후 시간별로(5, 30, 60, 90분) 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 술을 마셨을 때의 호기로 측정한 혈중알콜농도는 술(소주)을 마신 후 5, 30, 60, 90분에 중량백분율로서 각각 0.16%($160{\pm}57mg/100ml$), 0.10%($100{\pm}42mg/100m1$), 0.08%($80{\pm}36mg/100m1$), 0.03%($30{\pm}24mg/100m1$)로서 음주직후인 5분후에 0.16%로서 가장 높은 농도를 보였고 그 후는 점차 떨어져 30분, 60분에는 0.10%와 0.08%로 나타났다. 그리고 술을 마신 직후 호기로 혈중알콜농도를 측정할 경우 실제 혈중알콜농도보다 높게 나타날 가능성이 있다. 2. 선택반응시간검사(교통신호반응시간 검사 : 즉 빨간 정지신호를 보고 브레이크를 밟는 시간)에서는 혈액중 알콜농도가 증가함에 따라 반응시간이 길어졌으며, 술을 마신후 혈중농도가 0.16%, 0.10%, 0.08%를 보인 5분, 30분, 60분에서는 음주전보다 유의하게 늦어졌으며, p<0.01, 음주후 5분과 30분 후에는 0.46초 및 0.44초로서 음주전의 0.40초보다 0.06초와 0.04초 늦어졌다. 3. 눈과 눈의 협동능력검사에서는 혈중알콜농도가 높아감에 따라 작업수행의 정확도가 떨어졌는데 혈중농도가 0.08% 이상을 보인 음주후 5분과 30분, 60분후(p<0.05)에는 유의하게 협동능력이 떨어졌다. 4. 연속가산검사에서는 계산능력이 혈중농도가 0.08% 이상에서 계산의 정확성과 속도가 유의하게 떨어졌다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2024

Particulate matter (PM) constitutes a hazardous blend of organic and inorganic particles that poses health risks. Inhalation of fine airborne PM with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 ㎛ (PM_2.5) can lead to significant lung impairments. (+)-afzelechin (AZC), a natural compound sourced from Bergenia ligulata, boasts a range of attributes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and cardiovascular effects. However, knowledge about the therapeutic potential of AZC for patients with PM_2.5-induced lung injuries remains limited. Thus, in this study, we investigated the protective attributes of AZC against lung damage caused by PM_2.5 exposure. AZC was administered to the mice 30 min after intratracheal instillation of PM_2.5. Various parameters, such as changes in lung tissue wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio, total protein/total cell ratio, lymphocyte counts, levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), vascular permeability, and histology, were evaluated in mice exposed to PM_2.5. Data demonstrated that AZC mitigated lung damage, reduced W/D weight ratio, and curbed hyperpermeability induced by PM_2.5 exposure. Furthermore, AZC effectively lowered plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by PM_2.5 exposure. It reduced the total protein concentration in BALF and successfully alleviated PM_2.5-induced lymphocytosis. Additionally, AZC substantially diminished the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and autophagy-related proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1. In contrast, it elevated the protein phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Consequently, the anti-inflammatory attribute of AZC positions it as a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating PM_2.5-induced lung injuries by modulating the TLR4-MyD88 and mTOR-autophagy pathways.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1975

The serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) were measured by means of radioimmunoassay, in 98 cases of normal controls, 51 cases of hyperthyroidism, 80 cases of primary hypothyroidism and 4 cases of secondary hypothyroidism to evaluate the diagnostic significance in various functional states of the thyroid. The obtained data were analyzed in correlation with other thyroid function test values in various phases of the functional thyroid diseases. The results were as follows: 1) The serum TSH concentration in normal control group was $<1.3{\sim}8.0{\mu}U/ml$. 2) The measurement of serum TSH was more significant in diagnostic accuracy compared with that of serum $T_4(75.0{\pm}12.2%)$. Free $T_4$ Index ($64.2{\pm}15.2%$), serum $T_3(41.0{\pm}21.0%)\;or\;T_3$ resin uptake ($41.1{\pm}15.8%$) in evaluation of primary hypothyroidism. 3) In case of overt hypothyroidism, the serum TSH and $T_4$ were both abnormal, compatible with the clinical diagnosis, while in case of preclinical or mild hypothyroidism, the serum $T_4(41.2{\pm}23.8%)\;or\;50.0{\pm}25.0%)$ was much less reliable than serum TSH. 4) In the treatment of primary hypothyroidism with desiccated thyroid, the administration of 1 grain of the hormone per day was sufficient to suppress the serum concentration of TSH to normal range. It showed that the measurement of serum TSH concentration was a significant criteria in evaluating the efficiency of the treatment of hypothyroidism. 5) The measurement of serum TSH concentration is a very significant method in the early detection of hypothyroidism induced during or after the treatment of the hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or radioactive Iodine ($^{131}I$).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.338-341
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• 2001

Circadian variations of sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics were studied after a single oral administration of sulfamethoxazole, 50 mg/kg, to rabbits at 09:00 (a.m.) and 22 :00 (p.m.). The profiles of plasma sulfamethoxazole concentration showed from 6h to 24 h significant statistical difference (p<0.05) between 09:00 and 22:00. The half-life $t_{1/2} was significantly shorter in the morning (11.2 $\pm$3.2 h) when compared to the nighttime (15.4 $\pm$ 3.5h) (7< 0.05). The AUC was significantly decreased in the morning (1325 $\pm$ 264${u}g/ml$.h) than that in the nighttime (2059 $\pm$ 379${u}g/ml$. h) (p<0.05). Tota1 body clearance ($Cl_t$ was significantly higher when sulfamethoxazole was given in the morning (6.65 $\pm$ 0.23 ml/min) versus in the nighttime (4.28 $\pm$ 0.20 ml/min) (p<0.05).

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.117-136
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• 2022

Purpose - Port is vital for international trade accounting for approximately 80% of world cargo transportation in the global trade sector. Air pollutants emitted owing to the related industry interfaces developed around the port spread throughout the dense population region can have harmful effects on the nearby residents. This study aims to analyze high-concentration diffusion pattern by air pollutants, considering the main management periods by air pollutants. Design/methodology - Employing the concentration criteria per main air pollutant, the analyses of concentration change patterns per air pollutant, wind characteristics that directly affected the air pollutant diffusion, distribution types per air pollutant, and high-concentration diffusion patterns by season according to time changes were conducted. Findings - The substances that caused harmful levels of air pollution in the hinterland living zone of the Busan New Port were PM_10, PM_2.5, and NO_2. Furthermore, the intensive management periods were as follows: For PM_10, 24-h (spring), 12:00-16:00 (summer), 12:00-16:00 (summer), 20:00-12:00 (fall), and 24:00-20:00 (winter), and for PM_2.5, 24-h (all four seasons), and for NO_2, 23:00-04:00 (spring), 23:00-08:00 (summer), and 20:00-08:00 (fall), and 23:00-04:00 (winter). Originality/value - Research finding indicates that regular monitoring and countermeasures to reduce air pollution for each air pollutant makes it possible to achieve effective air quality control in the port and hinterland living zones.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.474-480
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• 1996

순환여과 사육시스템에서 사육한 감성돔, Acanthopagrus schlegeli을 사용하여 배정시기에 따른 정액의 특성을 조사하였다. 사육한 감성돔의 배정기간은 1995년 4월 11일부터 6월 4일까지로 7주간이었다. 이 기간 동안 어체중 100 g당 채취된 정액량은 평균 $0.70{\pm}0.33ml$였으며, 배정기의 중반인 5월 2일부터 6월 4일까지는 비교적 높게 유지되었다. 배정기간 동안 날짜별 어체중 100g당 채정된 정자의 총 수는 배정기의 중반으로 갈수록 증가하여 5월 9일에 $3.32{\times}10^{10}$ 마리로 가장 많았다가 급격히 감소하였다. 정액 1 ml당 정자농도는 배정기 중반인 5월 2일에 가장 낮았다가 다시 증가하는 변화 경향을 보였다. 그러나 spermatocrit는 배정기간 동안 $94.8\~98.2$로 큰 변화가 없었다. 총 단백질, 총 지질, glucose 및 Na 농도는 정자나 정장에 비해 혈장이 모두 높은 값을 보였으나, K 농도는 혈장에 비해 정자나 정장에서 높은 값을 보였다. 정자와 정장에서의 총 단백질, 총 지질 및 K 농도는 정장에 비해 정자에서 높았으나, glucose 및 Na 농도는 반대로 정장에서 더 높았다. 정자와 정장의 glucose 농도는 4월과 6월에 비해 채취 정자의 총 수가 가장 많았던 5월에 각각 $4.2{\pm}2.7mg/100ml$ 와 $13.7{\pm}8.5mg/100ml$로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.445-457
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• 2017

In this study, we developed an approach to better account for uncertainties in estimated contributions from fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) modeling. Our approach computes a Concentration Correction Factor (CCF) which is a ratio of observed concentrations to baseline model concentrations. We multiply modeled direct contribution estimates with CCF to obtain revised contributions. Overall, the modeling system showed reasonably good performance, correlation coefficient R of 0.82 and normalized mean bias of 2%, although the model underestimated some PM species concentrations. We also noticed that model biases vary seasonally. We compared contribution estimates of major source sectors before and after applying CCFs. We observed that different source sectors showed variable magnitudes of sensitivities to the CCF application. For example, the total primary $PM_{2.5}$ contribution was increased $2.4{\mu}g/m^3$ or 63% after the CCF application. Out of a $2.4{\mu}g/m^3$ increment, line sources and area source made up $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $0.9{\mu}g/m^3$ which is 92% of the total contribution changes. We postulated two major reasons for variations in estimated contributions after the CCF application: (1) monthly variability of unadjusted contributions due to emission source characteristics and (2) physico-chemical differences in environmental conditions that emitted precursors undergo. Since emissions-to-$PM_{2.5}$ concentration conversion rate is an important piece of information to prioritize control strategy, we examined the effects of CCF application on the estimated conversion rates. We found that the application of CCFs can alter the rank of conversion efficiencies of source sectors. Finally, we discussed caveats of our current approach such as no consideration of ion neutralization which warrants further studies.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

Among the dogs boarding at an animal hospital, 10 dogs each were selected as a free boarding group and a kennel boarding group. Each group was further divided into 5 puppies and 5 mature dogs to examine the changes in their serum cortisol concentrations during boarding (5 days). We collected blood at day 8 and then analyzed the blood corpuscles, ran a biochemical serum test, and an additional urine test before boarding to check their health status. After collecting the dog's blood at 9:00 am, 3:00 pm, and 9:00 pm, we analyzed the cortisol concentration by the radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. The daily serum cortisol concentration at 9:00 am, 3:00 pm, and 9:00 pm, had a circadian rhythm during both the free and kennel boarding periods in both puppies and adults. Furthermore, the average daily serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day after free boarding in the puppy group (P < 0.01). In adults from the free boarding group, the serum cortisol concentration dramatically increased on the 1st day (P < 0.01), as well as on the 2nd and 3rd day (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the average daily serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased on the 1st day after kennel boarding as well as during the entire period of kennel boarding in the puppy group (P < 0.05). In the adult kennel boarding group, serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased during the whole kennel boarding period (P < 0.01). An interesting result was that circadian rhythmicity in the sum of the daily serum cortisol concentrations was present in the free boarding group, but not in the kennel boarding group in both puppies and adults. In summary, cortisol was released depending on the degree of stress in free and kennel boarded dogs. Taken together, these results suggest that cortisol, a stress hormone, should be maintained at physiological concentrations in a circadian rhythm when the animals are hospitalized.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.251-259
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• 1995

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol, a selective beta-l blocker, were examined for 360 minutes after intravenous bolus administration of metoprolol to 6 dogs. Plasma concentration and excreted amount in the urine metoprolol were measured by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PR interval and heart rate were measured by ECG monitoring. Blood pressure was monitored through intraarterial catheter in femoral artery and cardiac output by thermodilution method using Swan-Ganz catheter. To analyze the effect site concentration-response relationship, plasma concentration and pharmacological effects were simultaneously fitted to a two pharmacokinetic compartment linked to pharmacodynamic model with NONLIN program. Results are as follows. 1) The plasma concentration of metoprolol after intrvenous injection decreased biexponentially. The terminal half-life estimated was $1.33{\pm}0.40$ hours and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) and the total body clearance were $1.04{\pm}0.4\;L/kg,\;6.55{\pm}2.21\;L/hr$, respectively. The central compartment volume of distribution and peripheral compartment volume of distribution were $0.35{\pm}0.14L/kg\;and\;0.69{\pm}0.34L/kg$. The renal clearance and intercompartment clearance were $0.53{\pm}0.25\;L/min\;and\;0.35{\pm}0.19\;L/min$. 2) Simulated biophase concentration-response curve shows hyperbolic relationship and the estimated concentration-effect relationship was best explained by Emax model when the prolongation of PR interval and the reduction of the heart rate were used as pharmacodynamic parameters. Emax and EC50 were estimated to be $26.3{\pm}4.7\;msec\;and\;88.8{\pm}82.3\;g/ml$ for PR interval, and $48.7{\pm}18.8\;beats/min\;and\;113.5{\pm}78.7\;ng/ml$ for heart rate, respectively. 3) The changes of cardiac output-effect site concentration relationship was best fitted by a linear model and the slope of the relationship was $0.005{\pm}0.003$. Diastolic blood pressure-effect site concentration relationship was also explained by the linear model and the slope of the relationship was $0.038{\pm}0.034$.