• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.325-330
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• 2010

In the fields of design within civil engineering, BIM based Utilization of 3D object model is still far from commercialization. In this paper, BIM based 3D object model is composed for PSC box girder, super structure of railway bridge. The basic unit of the model is part model. The part model is the minimum unit model. And it has hierarchy to reflect the characteristics of structures. Change orders of structural designer must be reflected quickly in the 3D object model. Repetitive change orders are occurred in actual construction process. To prepare that, we classified design variables to parameters. Change orders of structural designer can be reflected quickly in the 3D object model because those parameters are related with information of 3D object model. In this paper, we studied various benefits of BIM based design method with 3D object model in the fields of design within civil engineering, and proposed the efficient application method of 3D object model for PSC box girder.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.1149-1152
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• 2005

Recently, tunnel structure is being widely used in railway or roadway construction projects because earthwork causes large cutting and damages in environmental factors. However, there are many changes of design by different items comparing with design phase in tunnel structure by uncertain drawings. This study develops a standard process for the change of design to reduce change orders in construction phase.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.540-553
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• 2007

Strategic management of changes is very significant for all types of construction projects. Project management teams must have the ability to respond to changes effectively in order to minimize their adverse impact on the project. The study focuses on the causes, their frequent effects and effective controls for changes in educational building projects. To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire survey was carried out to collect relevant information. Through the literature review, 53 causes, 16 effects and 30 potential controls for change orders were identified. These provided the basis for the formulation of the questionnaire. Responses from 92 professionals who were involved in the educational projects in Singapore were analyzed. They included 28 developers, 33 consultants and 31 contractors. From the survey findings, the most important causes of changes were identified. The study revealed the most frequent effects and most effective controls for each cause of change order. Arising therefrom, a comprehensive tabulation of the 53 causes and their frequent effects and effective controls was also developed. A timeline for implementing the controls was developed through in-depth interviews with the professionals. The study would assist building professionals in taking proactive measures for reducing change orders for educational buildings; furthermore, the timeline would also be helpful for them to implement controlling strategies at the appropriate time. Recommendations were suggested based on the research findings.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.203-211
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• 2009

Korean public owners who order public multi-family housing construction projects have yet to gain access to a model for predicting construction cost. For this reason, their construction cost prediction is mainly dependent upon historic data and experience. In this paper, a cost-prediction model based on Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) in the design phase of public multi-family housing construction projects was developed. The developed model can determine the total construction cost by estimating the different Building, Civil, Mechanical, Electronic and Telecommunication, and Landscaping work costs. Model validation showed an accuracy of 97.56%, confirming the model's excellent viability. The developed model can thus be used to predict the construction cost to be shouldered by public owners before the design is completed. Moreover, any change orders during the design phase can be immediately applied to the model, and various construction costs by design alternative can be verified using this model. Therefore, it is expected that public owners can exercise effective design management by using the developed cost prediction model. The use of such an effective cost prediction model can enable the owners to accurately determine in advance the construction cost and prevent increase or decrease in cost arising from the design changes in the design phase, such as change order. The model can also prevent the untoward increase in the duration of the design phase as it can effectively control unnecessary change orders.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.323-346
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• 1995

The increasing number of senior citizens, combined with the power of purchasing due to discretionary income have vaulted the elderly into the position of an attractive future target market. Therefore, it would be crucial for marketers to understand elderly's purchasing behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify clothing purchasing behavior of elderly women. For this study, questionnaires were administered to 600 women over 55 years of age. However, the sample that was analyzed fer statistical analysis was involved 418 elderly women. Statistical analysis were majorly descriptives such as frequencies and percentages. The major results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. In relation to problem recognition in purchasing process, motives of purchasing apparel were identified as a happy event in home such as a wedding and a birthday, a change of seasons and a casual discovery of a suitable clothing in shopping, in orders. 2. In relation to information search, important information on apparel and fashionability were thought as display racks in a store, opinion from friends and family and fashionability from others or streets, in orders. 3. In relation to selecting a store in purchasing process, older consumers assessed that attractive price, design suited to my age, variety in one store and apparel product quality were important store attributes, in orders. In terms of a purchase place, older consumers purchased clothing mainly on department stores, wholesale stores such as Namdaemoon or Dongdaemoon market, mainly retail stores located close to home and discount stores of well known brand, in orders. 4. In relation to alternative evaluation in purchasing process, older consumeres considered that style or appearance suited to me, color, design, comfort and fitness were important selection criteria, in orders. 5. In relation to purchase choice, 61.7% of the respondents paid money by themselves and 68.9% paid on cash in purchasing apparel. 6. In relation to outcomes of purchase, older consumers solved their complaint against a unsatisfactory product mainly by returning the unsatisfactory clothing. Also, there were those who took no action against the unsatisfactory product and who altered the clothing for fitness by themselves.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.109-142
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• 2005

This paper aims to study international political orders and aviational orders since the second World War, to investigate the influences between the two orders, to connect them with the air transportation service agreement between Korea and USA, and to prospect international aviation orders in the future. The first international aviation order after the second World War is built up by international public goods under hegemonic stability theory in the realistic international order. Second order is a kind of cooperation system through the international institutions under the neo-liberalistic international order from the late of 1970s. Third order is the multiple cooperation through the shared epistemology, understanding, and knowledge under the international social constructivism from the 1990s. This paper prospects that international aviation order in the future will be developed through the multiple channels for the civilian users' conveniences and the openness for the users.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2329-2336
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• 2016

Background: Despite the existence of established guidelines advocating the use and value of chemotherapy order templates, chemotherapy orders are still handwritten in many hospitals in Lebanon. This manuscript describes the implementation of standardized chemotherapy order templates (COT) in a Lebanese tertiary teaching hospital through multiple steps. Initial Assessment: An initial assessment was conducted through a retrospective appraisal of completeness of handwritten chemotherapy orders for 100 adult patients to serve as a baseline for the project and identify parameters that might afford improvement. Choice of solution: Development of over 300 standardized pre-printed COTs based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network templates and adapted to the practice culture and patient population. Implementation: The COTs were implemented, using Kotter's 8-step model for leading change, by engaging health care providers, and identifying and removing barriers. Evaluation: Assessment of physicians' compliance with the new practice (122 orders assessed) was completed through two phases and allowed for the identification of areas of improvement. Lessons Learned: Overall, COT implementation showed an average improvement in order completion from 49.5% (handwritten orders) to 77.6% (phase 1-COT) to 87.6% (phase 2-COT) reflecting an increase of 38.1% between baseline and phase 2 and demonstrating that chemotherapy orders completeness was improved by pre-printed COT. As many of the hospitals in Lebanon are moving towards standardized COTs and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) in the next few years, this study provides a prototype for the successful implementation of COT and demonstrates their role in promoting quality improvement of cancer care.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.334-342
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is conducted to examine the change of flora and fauna in the extensive rooftop green area from 2005 to 2009. The experimental site is on the rooftop green area of Seoul Women's University which was constructed in 2005. This research was consisted of four parts: soil, potted plants, invading plants and small animals especially insects. The plants were surveyed by enumeration, while animals were surveyed by two methods which are 'Netting and Searching' and 'Pit fall trap'. The initial group of plants planted in 2005 was 100 species of 26 families whereas in 2009 there were 62 species of 23 families including 22 invading species of 11 families. In case of insects in 2009, 21 species of 7 families (9 orders) were detected; 19 species of 15 families (8 orders) were discovered by 'Netting and Searching' and 5 species of 5 families (5 orders) by 'Pit fall trap'.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.2 no.3 s.7
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• pp.58-66
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• 2001

Turnkey project, also called Design-Build project, has been expanding and diversifying its business into the Korean market. However, it has been experiencing numerous difficulties due to a large number of change orders on the public turnkey project. Change order during the construction phase impact on time deliveries, budget and quality on a turnkey project. In preparation for this, the government has to improve the awarding procedure and general conditions for turnkey projects. Contractors should also cooperate with their co-working partners and establish a standardized procedure, which provides change order control for efficient implementation on the construction site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1456-1461
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• 2004

Companies of Build-to-Order(BTO) strive to achieve customer responsiveness and cost efficiency simultaneously. The success of BTO depends upon the high volume production based on product plat form and delayed differentiation principle on the one hand, and upon the rapid estimation of delivery and cost for the customer orders on the other hand. Expeditious processing of a specific order requires the rearrangement of production resources and the schedule, which results in increased cost. This paper describes a cost estimation method using activity-based costing depending on the schedule change caused by urgent customer orders.