• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix pharmacopuncture (GP) at Hwando (GB30) in neuropathic pain induced rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by tibial and sural nerve transection. The rat subjects were divided into 6 groups : normal (Nor, n = 5), control (Con, n = 5), neuropathic pain- induced injected at GB30 with 1 mg/kg GP (GP-A, n = 5), 5 mg/kg GP (GP-B, n = 5) and 20 mg/kg GP (GP-C, n = 5), and neuropathic pain-induced injected with 1mg/kg Tramadol (Tramadol, n＝5). Injections were administered 2 times a week for a total of 5 treatments. After each treatment plantar withdrawal response was measured and after all 5 treatments were completed c-fos, Bax, Bcl-2, mGlu5 and leukocytes in the blood were analyzed. Results : 1. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia compared to the control group. 2. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the expression of c-fos compared to the control group. 3. Groups GP-A and GP-C showed a meaningful increase in the expression of mGluR5 compared to the control group. 4. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix pharmacopuncture at Hwando (GB30) could decrease mechanical allodynia and could have analgesic and neuroprotective effects on the model of neuropathic pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the clinical effects of thread embedding acupuncture on lumbar herniated intervertebral disc patients. Methods : This is a retrospective study based on clinical charts. Despite the treatments of acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herbal medicine, and physical therapy during admission period, 10 lumbar herniated intervertebral disc patients who had shown few improvements in their symptoms were selected as subjects. Thread embedding acupuncture was conducted to reduce patient pain. Patient progress was categorized into three periods based on when the embedding procedure performed. Verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and a 5 step evaluation scale for satisfaction were used to analyze the outcome. Results : Regarding comparison of VNRS improvement rate, both 3 and 6 days after embedding progress showed significant difference compared to before embedding progress. ODI improvement rate showed significant difference only 6 days after embedding progress. Patients' satisfaction with treatment had increased by several degrees. Conclusion : Thread embedding acupuncture for lumbar herniated intervertebral disc patients may be effective in reducing pain and improving their quality of life.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.85-93
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• 1998

This study is to analyze and predict the contaminant transport based on the hydrauli characteristics using 2-dimensional finite element model. The dynamic wate quality model. RMA-4. is used to predict the contaminant transport using the hydrulic characteristics obtained from RMA-2v model. The study region is from downstream of Cham-sil weir to upstream of Shin-Kok weir. From the results of contaminant transport analysis. it is shown that the variations of discharge and velocity give quite large effect to the transport and dispersion of contaminant material. and that the water qualities of Joong-Rang and Tan streams play an important role to the downstream also. when the incidental contaminant accident occurs and contaminant material moves to the downstream. it is resulted the decreasing of the maximum COD and the increasing of the duration time to be affected by contaminant. Finally. 2-dimensional analysis is required in the case of large river like Han River. since the large difference of contaminant concentration has been investigated in the left and right bank.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.303-313
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• 2009

Traditionally, Cham dang-gui (Angelica gigas Nakai) is one of the most popular herbal medicines in Asian countries including Korea. A. gigas has been used as a functional food product for treatment anemia, women's health care, a sedative, an anodyne or a tonic agent. Decursin and decursinol angelate isolated from the roots of A. gigas are pyranocoumarin compounds. Recently, as the global herbal medication market is increasing, investigations about pharmacological effects of decursin and decursinol angelate are rapidly increasing. We summarized previous studies about pharmacological effects of decursin and decursinol angelate, and reviewed relation with pharmacological effects of decursin and decursinol angelate on human disorder, focused on the approach for new drug development. Pharmacological effects of decursin and decursinol angelate were classified as anti-tumor activity, anti-bacterial activity, improvements of the circulating system, inhibition of cytochrome P-450 activity, anti-inflammation activity, anti-oxidant activity and cognitive-enhancing activites. The activity of A. gigas with improvement of the circulating system may have wide therapeutic potential for circulatory diseases, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Also, anti-inflammation activity A. gigas may be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of asthma, atopic dermatitis and rheumatism arthritis. This relation could potentially lead to the development of herbal new drugs. In order to development a new drug containing decursin and decursinol angelate, it is also necessary to consider the safety profile, and the information in this review would contribute to development a new drug from herbal medicine.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.14
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• pp.169-187
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• 2001

In the recent efficiency study became accomplished generally a listed company, the efficiency study of small manufacturing industry is deficient. The purpose of this study analysis efficiency of small manufacturing industry by using the DEA model. DEA model is non-financial approach method to measure relative efficiency by input factors and output. The panel data from 1996 to 1999 are used for the analysis. The relative mean-efficiency can be summarized as follows. The wholesale trade and commission trade manufacturing industry 68.99%, communication equipment manufacturing industry 60.58%, food products and beverages manufacturing industry 91.05%, motor vehicles, trailers and semitrailers manufacturing industry 85.80%, basic metals manufacturing industry 88.96%, pulp, paper and paper products manufacturing industry 96.53%, chemical and chemical products manufacturing industry appeared with 78.67%. The results is expected to provide the empirical evidence useful to enhancing the competitiveness of manufacturing industry in korea.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.233-242
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• 2017

Purpose: This study investigated the relationships among parenting stress, husband's support, and breastfeeding adaptation in mothers. Methods: A correlational survey design was utilized in this study. Data were collected from 181 breastfeeding mothers with infants under 12 months of age. Participants were recruited from the outpatient clinic, a child photo studio, or from the kid's cafe from July 22 to September 13, 2016. Instruments for collecting data included Childcare Stress Inventory (CSI), Husband's Support scale, and the Breastfeeding Adaptation scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 by frequency, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: Of the 181 subjects, 54.7% responded they only breastfed with 75.7% who received breastfeeding education. Seventy-two percent of mothers made a decision to breastfeed by themselves. The mean score was $2.39{\pm}0.53$ for parenting stress, $3.07{\pm}0.43$ for husband's support, and $3.85{\pm}0.49$ for breastfeeding adaptation. Factors influencing breastfeeding adaptation were identified as lower parenting stress (${\beta}=-.54$), greater husband's support (${\beta}=.31$), breastfeeding (${\beta}=.31$), and older age of baby (${\beta}=.14$), with 56.0% that explained variance. Conclusion: This study reports that parenting stress has negative effect on breastfeeding adaptation, while husband's support has positive effect. Results may be useful in developing new strategies for enhancing breastfeeding adaptation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2017

Objective : Postoperative pain is one of the major complaints of patients after lumbar fusion surgery. The authors evaluated the effects of intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) using fentanyl or sufentanil on postoperative pain management and pain-related complications. Methods : Forty-two patients that had undergone surgery with lumbar instrumentation and fusion at single or double levels constituted the study cohort. Patients were equally and randomly allocated to a sufentanil group (group S) or a fentanyl group (group F) for patient controlled analgesia (PCA). Group S received sufentanil at a dose of $4{\mu}g/kg$ IV-PCA and group F received fentanyl $24{\mu}g/kg$ IV-PCA. A numeric rating scale (NRS) of postoperative pain was applied before surgery, and immediately and at 1, 6, and 24 hours (hrs) after surgery. Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were obtained before surgery and one month after surgery. Opioid-related side effects were also evaluated. Results : No significant intergroup difference was observed in NRS or ODI scores at any of the above-mentioned time points. Side effects were more frequent in group F. More specifically, nausea, vomiting rates were significantly higher (p=0.04), but pruritus, hypotension, and headache rates were non-significantly different in the two groups. Conclusion : Sufentanil displayed no analgesic advantage over fentanyl postoperatively. However, sufentanil should be considerable for patients at high risk of GI issues, because it had lower postoperative nausea and vomiting rates than fentanyl.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.441-447
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• 2017

Objective : Computed tomography (CT)-based method of three dimensional (3D) analysis ($MIMICS^{(R)}$, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) is reported as very useful software for evaluation of OPLL, but its reliability and reproducibility are obscure. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of $MIMICS^{(R)}$ system, and inter- and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of OPLL. Methods : Three neurosurgeons independently analyzed the randomly selected 10 OPLL cases with medical image processing software ($MIMICS^{(R)}$) which create 3D model with Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) data from CT images after brief explanation was given to examiners before the image construction steps. To assess the reliability of inter- and intra-examiner intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 3 examiners measured 4 parameters (volume, length, width, and length) in 10 cases 2 times with 1-week interval. Results : The inter-examiner ICCs among 3 examiners were 0.996 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.987-0.999) for volume measurement, 0.973 (95% CI, 0.907-0.978) for thickness, 0.969 (95% CI, 0.895-0.993) for width, and 0.995 (95% CI, 0.983-0.999) for length. The intra-examiner ICCs were 0.994 (range, 0.991-0.996) for volume, 0.996 (range, 0.944-0.998) for length, 0.930 (range, 0.873-0.947) for width, and 0.987 (range, 0.985-0.995) for length. Conclusion : The medical image processing software ($MIMICS^{(R)}$) provided detailed quantification OPLL volume with minimal error of inter- and intra-observer reliability in the measurement of OPLL.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.44-50
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• 2012

A new type of chemical oxidation technology utilizing micro bubble ozone oxidizer and a pneumatic fracturing equipment was developed to enhance field applicability of a traditional chemical oxidation technology using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer for in-situ soil remediation. To find an efficient way to dissolve gaseous ozone into hydrogen peroxide, ozone was injected into water as micro bubble form then dissolved ozone concentration and its duration time were measured compared to those of simple aeration of gaseous ozone. As a result, dissolved ozone concentration in water increased by 31% (1.6 ppm ${\rightarrow}$ 2.1 ppm) and elapsed time for which maximum ozone concentration decreased by half lengthened from 9 min to 33 min. When the developed pneumatic fracturing technology was applied in sandy loam, cracks were developed and grown in soil for 5~30 seconds so that the radius of influence got longer by 71% from 392 cm to 671 cm. The remediation system using the micro bubble ozone oxidizer and the pneumatic fracturing equipment for field application was made and demonstrated its remediation efficiency at petroleum contaminated site. The system showed enhanced remediation capacity than the traditional chemical oxidation technology using hydrogen peroxide with reduced remediation time by about 33%.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.36-43
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• 2012

Various methods are used to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals or petroleum. In recent years, harsh physical and chemical remediation methods are being used to increase remediation efficiency, however, such processes could affect soil properties and degrade the ecological functions of the soil. Effects of soil washing, thermal desorption, and land farming, which are the most frequently used remediation methods, on the physicochemical properties of remediated soil were investigated in this study. For soils smaller than 2 mm, the soil texture were changed from sandy clay loam to sandy loam because of the decrease in the clay content after soil washing, and from loamy sand to sandy loam because of the decrease in the sand content and increase in silt content during thermal desorption, however, the soil texture remained unchanged after land farming process. The water-holding capacity, organic matter content, and total nitrogen concentration of the tested soil decreased after soil washing. A change in soil color and an increase in the available phosphate concentration were observed after thermal desorption. Exchangeable cations, total nitrogen, and available phosphate concentration were found to decrease after land farming; these components were probably used by microorganisms during as well as after the land farming process because microbial processes remain active even after land farming. A study of these changes can provide information useful for the reuse of remediated soil. However, it is insufficient to assess only soil physicochemical properties from the viewpoint of the reuse of remediated soil. Potential risks and ecological functions of remediated soil should also be considered to realize sustainable soil use.