• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1609-1618
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• 2014

In this study, as a fundamental study for the remediation of the radionuclides-contaminated soil, the adsorption of cobalt, strontium, and cesium on natural soil and kaolin were experimently investigated and adsorption characteristics were evaluated by using several adsorption kinetic and isotherm models. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model (PFOM), pseudo-second-order kinetic model (PSOM), one-site mass transfer model (OSMTM), and two compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM) were used to evaluate the kinetic data and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the best with good correlation. The adsorption equilibria of cobalt, strontium, and cesium on natural soil were fitted successfully by Redlich-Peterson and Sips models. For kaolin, the adsorption equilibria of cobalt, strontium, and cesium were fitted well by Redlich-Peterson, Freundlich, and Sips models, respectively. The amount of adsorbed radionuclides on natural soil and kaolin was in the order of cesium > strontium > cobalt. It is considered that these results could be useful to predicting the adsorption behaviors of radionuclides such as cobalt, strontium, and cesium in soil environments.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.1991-2003
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• 2022

The problem of water contamination by long-living cesium and strontium radionuclides is an urgent environmental issue. The development of facile and efficient technologies based on nanostructured adsorbents is a perspective for selective radionuclides removal. In this regard, current work aimed to obtain the nanostructured magnetic zeolite composites with high adsorption performance to cesium and strontium ions. The optimal conditions of hydrothermal synthesis were established based on XRD, SEM-EDX, N₂ adsorption-desorption, VSM, and batch adsorption experiment data. The role of chemical composition, textural characteristics, and surface morphology was demonstrated. The monolayer ionexchange mechanism was proposed based on adsorption isotherm modeling. The highest Langmuir adsorption capacity of 229.6 and 105.1 mg/g towards cesium and strontium ions was reached for composite obtained at 90 ℃ hydrothermal treatment. It was shown that magnetic characteristics of zeolite composites allowing to separate spent adsorbents by a magnet from aqueous solutions.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1996년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(3)
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• pp.409-414
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• 1996

Radionuclides such as Cs and Sr were removed from dilute aqueous solutions by means of inorganic adsorbents, 13X and chabazite. The physical adsorption obeyed the DA equation and non-equilibrium dynamic adsorption model, which describes surface diffusion mechanism with the DA equation, simulated the adsorption behavior of cesium and strontium on zeolite in fixed bed adsorbers. The dynamic model simulated the adsorption behavior of cesium and strontium.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1997

Equilibrium concentrations of major elements in an underground repository with a capacity of 100,000 drums have been simulated using the geochemical computer code (EQMOD). The simulation has been carried out at the conditions of pH 12 to 13.5, and Eh 520 and -520 mV. Solubilities of magnesium and calcium decrease with the increase of pH. The solubility of iron increases with pH at Eh -520 mV of reducing environment while it almost entirely exists as the precipitate of Fe(OH)$_3$(s) at Eh 520 mV of oxidizing environment. All of cobalt and nickel are predicted to be dissolved in the liquid phase regardless of pH since the solubility limit is greater than the total concentration. In the case of cesium and strontium, all forms of both ions are present in the liquid phase because they have negligible sorption capacity on cement and large solubility under disposal atmosphere. And thus the total concentration determines the equilibrium concentration. Adsorbed amount of iodide and carbonate are dependent on adsorption capacity and adsorption equilibrium constant. Especially, the calcite turns out to be a solubility-limiting phase on the carbonate system. In order to validate the model, the equilibrium concentrations measured for a number of systems which consist of iron, cement, synthetic groundwater and radionuclides are compared with those predicted by the model. The concentrations between the model and the experiment of nonadsorptive elements cesium, strontium, cobalt nickel and iron, are well agreed. It indicates that the assumptions and the thermodynamic data in this work are valid. Using the adsorption equilibrium constant as a free parameter, the experimental data of iodide and carbonate have been fitted to the model. The model is in a good agreement with the experimental data of the iodide system.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2014

Carboxymethyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin(${\beta}$-CMCD)은 소수성과 친수성의 성질을 모두 가지고 있는 생분해성 계면활성제로 복합오염토양의 동시 처리에 적용이 가능한 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 코발트(Co), 스트론튬(Sr) 및 세슘(Cs) 등의 방사성 핵종 중금속으로 오염된 토양에서 이들의 탈착 거동을 살펴보고, 탈착제로서 CMCD의 효과를 평가하였다. 탈착속도 실험에서 Co, Sr 및 Cs 모두 1~3시간 이내에 탈착평형에 도달하였으며, 카올린에서의 탈착률이 자연토양에서 보다 높게 나타났다. 또한 탈착용액으로 CMCD를 2 g/L를 첨가한 경우 탈착률이 5~20 %가량 증가하였으며, 핵종 중금속별 탈착률은 Co > Cs > Sr 순으로 나타났다. 탈착실험 결과를 다양한 탈착속도 모델에 적용한 결과, pseudo-second order kinetic model을 가장 잘 따르는 것으로 나타났으며, 탈착속도는 Cs > Co > Sr 순으로 나타났다. 흡/탈착 간 이력현상은 Sr > Co > Cs 순으로 탈착속도가 느릴수록 이력현상이 커지는 것으로 나타나, 탈착속도가 흡/탈착 간 이력현상을 야기하는 주요 요인 중 하나로 판단되었다. CMCD의 주입으로 탈착량이 증가하고 흡/탈착 간 이력현상이 감소하는 효과를 보였으나, 과량 주입 시에도 토양에 흡착된 핵종 중금속을 완전히 탈착시키지는 못하는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.556-561
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• 2017

Serving as an excellent adsorbent and inorganic ion exchanger in the water purification field, zeolite 4A has in this work presented a strong capability for purifying radioactive waste, such as $Sr^{2+}$, $Cs^+$, and $Co^{2+}$ in water. During the processes of decontamination and decommissioning of suspended solids and organics in low-level radioactive wastewater, the purification performance of zeolite 4A has been studied. Under ambient temperature and neutral condition, zeolite 4A absorbed simulated radionuclides such as $Sr^{2+}$, $Cs^+$, and $Co^{2+}$ with an absorption rate of almost 90%. Additionally, in alkaline condition, the adsorption percentage even approached 98.7%. After conducting research on suspended solids and organics of zeolite 4A for the treatment of radionuclides, it was found that the suspended clay was conducive to absorption, whereas the absorption of organics in solution was determined by the species of radionuclides and organics. Therefore, zeolite 4A has considerable potential in the treatment of radioactive wastewater.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.461-470
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• 1994

방사성 코발트, 스트론 , 세슘의 사암에 대한 수착특성평가 실험을 수행하였다. 수착반응속도론적 평가와 더불어 수착유형 및 가역성 등을파악하였다. 수착반응은 크게 두 단계로 나눌 수 있는데, 초기 10시간 이내에 사암외부표면에 대부분의 수착이 일어나고, 이후에는 사암입자내 미세공극을 통한 내부수착 표면으로의 확산이 수착속도 결정단계로 작용하는 과정이다. 방사성핵종이 지하매질에 수착하는 주된 수착유형을 정량적으로 평가하기 위한 방법으로서 순차적화학추출법을 도입하여 방사성핵종이 수착되어 있는 사암에 대해 탈착 실험을 수행하였다. 특히 이온교환되어 있는 세슘을 탈착시키기 위해 염화칼륨 용액으로 추출하는 공정을 도입하였다. 본 연구에서 고려한 수착유형은 지하수조건에서 가역적 수착, 이온 교환, 철망간산화 /산수소화물과의 결합, 비가역적 고착등이다. 스트론튬은 사암표면에 상대적으로 반응이 빠르고 가역적인 이온교환반응을 하였다. 코발트와 세슘은 복합적인 수착반응 양상을 보였다. 코발트의 경우, 주된 수착유형은 철망간산화 /산수소화물과의 결합이고, 비가역적인 고착도 상당비율 일어났다. 세슘의 경우, 비가역적 고착이 주된 수착유형이였으며, 이온교환도 상당비율 일어났다. 그러므로, 수착반응의 가역성 및 이동성은 스트론튬 ＞ 코발트 ＞ 세슘 순이였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.315-325
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• 1990

방사성페기물 처분장의 안전성평가에 사용될 핵종유출 선원항 컴퓨터 코드 REPS를 개발하였다. 신뢰할만한 핵종별 침출율 예측을 위하여 REPS코드에서는 콘크리트 구조물의 열하시간, 부식의 형태와 부식율, 드럼표면의 부식면적비, 그리고 핵종의 특성등이 고려되었다. 핵종유출 선원항 REPS모텔로부터 예측된 각 핵종별 침출율이 실제 실험결과와 어느정도 일치하는지를 알아보기 위하여 Cs-137, Sr-85, 그리고 Co-60등을 선택하여 검증하였다. 세슘과 스트론튬은 조화용해 모형식을 사용하여 침출실험 데이타를 재현할 수 있었다. 이에 비해 침출이 느리게 일어나는 코발트의 경우 고화체내에서의 확산에 의한 침출 모형식이 적합함을 알 수 있었다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.259-269
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• 2013

무기 이온교환제인 ammonium molybdophosphate(AMP)와 자성을 가지는 산화철(iron oxides, IO)을 혼합하고, 유기 지지체인 polyacrilonitrile(PAN)을 결합하여 AMP/IO-PAN 복합체를 합성하였으며 액체 방사성폐액 내 방사성 핵종의 처리 적용성을 평가하였다. 합성된 AMP/IO-PAN 복합체의 물성을 X-선 회절분석(XRD), 퓨리에 변환 적외선 분광분석(FT-IR), 주사전자현미경(SEM), 입도분석기(PSA), 비표면적 및 공극 분석, 자성 측정(MPMS) 분석을 통해 파악하고, 코발트, 스트론튬, 세슘에 대한 흡착 성능을 평가하였다. 10wt%의 산화철이 함유된 AMP/IO-PAN 복합체의 자성 측정 결과, 2.038 emu/g으로 나타났다. 10wt%의 산화철이 함유된 AMP/IO-PAN 복합체의 Langmuir 모델로 예측한 코발트, 스트론튬, 세슘에 대한 최대흡착량($Q^0$)은 각 0.097 mmol/g, 0.087 mmol/g, 0.655 mmol/g으로 나타났다. 0, 10, 20, 30wt%의 산화철이 함유된 AMP/IO-PAN 복합체의 Langmuir 모델로 예측한 세슘에 대한 최대흡착량($Q^0$)은 각각 0.702 mmol/g, 0.655 mmol/g, 0.602 mmol/g, 0.559 mmol/g으로 나타났으며, 첨가된 산화철의 양이 증가할수록 AMP/IO-PAN 복합체의 세슘 흡착량이 감소하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.561-570
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• 2019

A zeolitic material (Z-Y2) was synthesized from Coal Fly Ash (CFA) using a fusion/hydrothermal method under low-alkali condition (NaOH/CFA = 0.6). The adsorption performance of the prepared zeolite was evaluated by monitoring its removal efficiencies for Sr and Cs ions, which are well-known as significant radionuclides in liquid radioactive waste. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns of the synthesized Z-Y2 indicated that a Na-A type zeolite was formed from raw coal fly ash. The SEM (scanning electron microscope) images also showed that a cubic crystal structure of size $1{\sim}3{\mu}m$ was formed on its surface. In the adsorption kinetic analysis, the adsorption of Sr and Cs ions on Z-Y2 fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well, instead of the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The second-order kinetic rate constant ($k_2$) was determined to be $0.0614g/mmol{\cdot}min$ for Sr and $1.8172g/mmol{\cdot}min$ for Cs. The adsorption equilibria of Sr and Cs ions on Z-Y2 were fitted successfully by Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity ($q_m$) of Sr and Cs was calculated as 1.6846 mmol/g and 1.2055 mmol/g, respectively. The maximum desorption capacity ($q_{dm}$) of the Na ions estimated via the Langmuir desorption model was 2.4196 mmol/g for Sr and 2.1870 mmol/g for Cs. The molar ratio of the desorption/adsorption capacity ($q_{dm}/q_m$) was determined to be 1.44 for Na/Sr and 1.81 for Na/Cs, indicating that the amounts of desorbed Na ions and adsorbed Sr and Cs ions did not yield an equimolar ratio when using Z-Y2.