• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1563-1569
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• 2000

Objective : Delayed ischemic neurologic deficit(DIND) is one of the major complications following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). However, the correlation between angiographic vasospasm(AV) and DIND after SAH is not precisely known. The authors investigated the timing, incidence, characteristics of DIND, and analyzed correlation between AV and DIND. Patients and Methods : A series of 126 patients with SAH and performed cerebral angiography which, confirmed anterior circulation aneurysm, admitted to between January 1996 to December 1998, were studied retrospectively. A comparative analysis between group 1(G1) in which AV patients presented with DIND, and group 2(G2) patients did not DIND, were done. AV was graded according to location, distribution and degree. Location of vasospasm was classified as basal type(BT), distal type(DT). BT was involved horizontally and include the bilateral carotid systems, proximal middle cerebral artery(MCA) and proximal anterior cerebral artery(ACA). DT was involved vertically and include the MCA branches as they become vertically or posteriorly oriented and the ACA distal to the anterior communicating artery. BT and DT all defined ether as localized type(LT) or combined type(CT). Distribution of vasospasm was classified as type I, type II and type III. Type I represents the involvement of bilateral carotid systems and bilateral anterior cerebral artery, type II was designed as one carotid system without involving anterior cerebral artery, and type III when only some portions of the anterior cerebral artery were involved, bilaterally. Degree of vasospasm was classified as mild(less than 25%), moderate(between 25-50%), severe(greater than 50%), and those were determined by comparing the caliber of the artery in vasospasm to that of the nearest area of apparently normal vessel. Results : The incidence of AV & DIND was 57/126(45.2%), 29/126(23.0%), and timing of DIND was 9 days(${\pm}4.1$) after initial hemorrhage. As for the location, BT was seen in 12 cases(40.0%), DT 11 cases(36.7%) and CT 7 cases (23.3%), respectively. Where as G1, BT was seen 5 cases(18.5%), DT 5 cases(18.5%) and CT 17 cases(63.0%), respectively in G2. CT AV was more correlated with DIND than LT AV(p<0.05). For distribution, type I was seen in 16 cases(59.2%), type II 4 cases(14.8%), type III 7 cases(25.9%) in G1 where as type I was seen in 7 cases(23.3%), type II 10 cases(33.3%), type III 13(43.3%) in G2. Type I AV was well correlated with DIND unlike to type II or type III(p<0.05). As for the degree, mild was seen in 4 cases(14.8%), moderate 14 cases(51.9%), severe 9 cases (33.3%) in G1, and mild 16 cases(18.5%), moderate 11 cases(36.7%) and severe 3 cases(10.0%) in G2. Moderate to severe type AV was well correlated with DIND(p<0.05). Conclusion : These results indicate that it may be possible to predict DIND according to careful analysis of location, distribution, degree of AV in patients with aneurysmal SAH.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.752-759
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• 1997

복합 심장질환이나 대동맥궁 수술시 뇌손상을 보호하기 위하여 오래전부터 초저체온하 완전순환정지법 을 이용하고 있다. 수술후 뇌손상을 예방하기 위하여 여러 방법들을 이용하여 왔으며, 1994년이후 저자들은 뇌대사를 감시하기 위한 방법으로 수술중 뇌파감시를 하고 있다. 저자들은 심장수술실에 사용이 편리한 뇌 파 압축 스펙트럼 정렬(compressed spectral array; CSA) 시스템을 개발하여 이를 대동맥수술시 초저체온 및 설 전순환차단하에 뇌파감시에 적용하여 이의 유용성을 검증하고, 초저체온하 뇌파를 연속감시하여 뇌파가 소 실되고 다시 나타나는 온도를 확인하여 순환정지의 안전한 온도와 시간을 연구하였다. 급성 대동맥박리증 3 례와 대동맥궁 대동맥류 3례(2례는 가성)의 대동맥질환 환자를 연구대상으로 하였다. 직장과 식도체온을 연 속 감시하였으며,마취후 뇌파를 연속감시하였다. 대상환자들중 3례는 초저체온하 완전순환차단하에 수술을 하였으며, 3례는 초저체온하 선택적 뇌관류하에(500 700Ml분) 수술을 하였다. 환자의 체온을 하강하여 뇌 파가 소실된 후 약 3분 후에 순환정지나 선택적 뇌관류를 하였다. 뇌파가 소실된 체온은 직장\ulcorner온이 $16.1^{\circ}C-22.1^{\circ}C(평균:$ $18.4\pm2.0),$ 식도체온이 $12.7^{\circ}C~16.4^{\circ}C(평균:$ $14.7\pm1.6)였다.$ 완전순환차단 환자의 경우 뇌 허혈 시간은 각각 30, 36, 및 56분이었으며, 뇌관류 환자의 경우 각각 41, 56, 92분이었다. 수술중 뇌파가 다시 나 타난 시간 및 체온은(증례 3~6) 5~23분후에 직장체온이 $14.1^{\circ}C~20.3^{\circ}C,$ 식도체온이 $11.7^{\circ}C~15.4^{\circ}C에서$ 나타났다. 수술후 뇌손상의 증상은 없었으며,수술과 관련된 사망은 없었다. 이상의 결과로 식도체온이 $16^{\circ}C이하에서도$ 뇌파가 23분이내에 다시 나타난 것으로 보아 식도체온이 $15^{\circ}C이하는$ 되어야 약 30분간의 완전순환 차단에 안전하리라 생각되었으며, 대동맥 수술시 CSA를 이용한 뇌파감시는 전기뇌활동을 감시하는데 유용 한 방법으로 생각되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 1996

1983년 3월부터 1994년 6월까지 22명의 환자에게 관상동맥 우회로 조성수술과 병행한 개심수술을 시행하였다. 대상환자들의 연령은 42세에서 72세 사이로 평균 60.4$\pm$8.2세였다. 이중 17명의 환자가 남자였고, 여자환자는 5명이 었다. 좌심실 박출계수는 25%에서 65% 사이로 평균 46.9 $\pm$ 14.2%였다. 22명의 대상환자중 9명이 심근경색증의 합병증으로 발생한 기계적인 장애를 동반하고 있었으며, 이중 5명은 좌심실류, 3명은 심실중격 결손 그리고 1명은 유두근 파열에 의한승모판 폐쇄부전증이 롱반되었다. 나머지 대상환자중 9명은 류마티스성 판막질환(대동맥판막 질환 7명, 승모판막 질환 2명)을 동반하였고, 2명은 좌심방혈전, 1명은 심방중격 결손 그리고 1명은 상행대동맥류를 동반하였다. 관상동맥 이식 편수는 1개에서 4개 사이로 평균 2.1$\pm$1.0개였다 수술후 합병증은 3명에서 발생하였으며, 이중 2명은 수술전후 심근경색증, 1명은 하지의 창상감염이었다. 수술사망은 1명에서 발생하였으며, 사망원인은 수술전후 심근경색증에 의한 저심박출량에 기인하였다. 추적조사 기간은 3개월에서 136개월 사이로 평균 41.1$\pm$ 40.2개월이었으며, 이기간 동안 1명\ulcorner 사망하였다. 사망원인은 뇌출혈이었다. 장기생존한 20명의 New York Heart Association functional class는 모두 I과 II였다. 비록 대상환자의 수가 적다고는 하지만 저자들의 수술결과는 양호한 것으로, 따라서 저자들은 관상동맥 우회로 조성수술을 병행한 개심수술이 수술위험도가 높지 않으면서 만기 사망율도 줄일 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권6호
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• pp.690-702
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• 2023

Objective : To analyze the outcomes of coil embolization (CE) for unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) according to region and hospital size based on National Health Insurance Service data in South Korea. Methods : The incidence of complications, including intracranial hemorrhage (ICRH) and cerebral infarction (CI), occurring within 3 months and the 1-year mortality rates in UIA patients who underwent CE in 2018 were analyzed. Hospitals were classified as tertiary referral general hospitals (TRGHs), general hospitals (GHs) or semigeneral hospitals (sGHs) according to their size, and the administrative districts of South Korea were divided into 15 regions. Results : In 2018, 8425 (TRGHs, 4438; GHs, 3617; sGHs, 370) CEs were performed for UIAs. Complications occurred in 5.69% of patients seen at TRGHs, 13.48% at GHs, and 20.45% at sGHs. The complication rate in TRGHs was significantly lower than that in GHs (p=0.039) or sGHs (p=0.005), and that in GHs was significantly lower than that in sGHs (p=0.030). The mortality rates in TRGHs, GHs, and sGHs were 0.81%, 2.16%, and 3.92%, respectively, with no significant difference. Despite no significant difference in the mortality rates, the complication rate significantly increased as the number of CE procedures per hospital decreased (p=0.001; rho=-0.635). Among the hospitals where more than 30 CEs were performed for UIAs, the incidence of CIs (p=0.096, rho=-0.205) and the mortality rates (3 months, p=0.048, rho=-0.243; 1 year, p=0.009, rho=-0.315) significantly decreased as the number of CEs that were performed increased and no significant difference in the incidence of post-CE ICRH was observed. Conclusion : The complication rate in patients who underwent CE for UIA increased as the hospital size and physicians' experience in conducting CEs decreased. We recommend nationwide quality control policies CEs for UIAs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2008

Objective : Cerebral vasospasm still remains a major cause of the morbidity and mortality, despite the developments in treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The authors measured the utility and benefits of external lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage to prevent the clinical vasospasm and its sequelae after endovascular coiling on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in this randomized study. Methods : Between January 2004 and March 2006, 280 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated at our institution. Among them, 107 patients met our study criteria. The treatment group consisted of 47 patients who underwent lumbar CSF drainage during vasospasm risk period (about for 14 days after SAH), whereas the control group consisted of 60 patients who received the management according to conventional protocol without lumbar CSF drainage. We created our new modified Fisher grade on the basis of initial brain computed tomography (CT) scan at admission. The authors established five outcome criteria as follows : 1) clinical vasospasm; 2) GOS score at 1-month to 6-month follow-up; 3) shunt procedures for hydrocephalus; 4) the duration of stay in the ICU and total hospital stay; 5) mortality rate. Results : The incidence of clinical vasospasm in the lumbar drain group showed 23.4% compared with 63.3% of individuals in the control group. Moreover, the risk of death in the lumbar drain group showed 2.1 % compared with 15% of individuals in the control group. Within individual modified Fisher grade, there were similar favorable results. Also, lumbar drain group had twice more patients than the control group in good GOS score of 5. However, there were no statistical significances in mean hospital stay and shunt procedures between the two groups. IVH was an important factor for delayed hydrocephalus regardless of lumbar drain. Conclusion : Lumbar CSF drainage remains to playa prominent role to prevent clinical vasospasm and its sequelae after endovascular coiling on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Also, this technique shows favorable effects on numerous neurological outcomes and prognosis. The results of this study warrant clinical trials after endovascular treatment in patients with aneurysmal SAH.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2015

Objective : Endovascular treatment of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms is a challenge and the durability and the safety of these treated aneurysms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and long-term angiographic results of wide-necked intracranial aneurysms treated with coil embolization. Methods : Between January 2002 and December 2012, 53 wide-necked aneurysms treated with coil embolization were selected. Forty were female, and 13 were male. Twenty eight (52.8%) were ruptured aneurysms, and 25 (47.2%) were unruptured aneurysms. The patents' medical and radiological records were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Of the 53 aneurysms, coiling alone was employed in 45 (84.9%) and stent-assisted coiling was done in 8 (15.1%). The initial angiographic results revealed Raymond class 1 (complete occlusion) in 30 (56.6%) cases, Raymond class 2 (residual neck) in 18 (34.0%) cases, and Raymond class 3 (residual sac) in 5 (9.4%) cases. The mean angiographic follow-up period was 37.9 months (12-120 months). At the last angiographies, Raymond class 1 was seen in 26 (49.1%) cases, Raymond class 2 in 16 (30.2%), and Raymond class 3 in 11 (20.8%). Angiographic recurrence occurred in 22 (41.5%) patients, with minor recurrence in 7 (13.2%) cases and major recurrence in 15 (28.3%). Retreatment was performed in 8 cases (15.1%). A suboptimal result on the initial angiography was a significant predictor of recurrence in this study (p=0.03). Conclusion : The predictor of recurrence in wide-necked aneurysms is a suboptimal result on the initial angiography. Long-term angiographic follow-up is recommended in wide-necked aneurysms.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2006

Objective : To determine the rationale for treating pure unruptured intracranial aneurysms[UIAs]. it is mandatory to know the risk of each treatment modality. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the surgical risk for treating UIAs. Methods : Between December 1994 and May 2005, 147 unruptured aneurysms in 135 patients were treated. The majority of these cases [94.6%] were treated with aneurysmal neck clipping. The remainder received aneurysmal wrapping [2.7%], trapping with bypass [20%], or proximal occlusion [0.7%]. The clinical outcomes were evaluated in each patient by the Glasgow Outcome Scale at one month post-surgery. Results : The patient pool consisted of 41 males and 94 females. The mean age was 55.9 years [range : $16{\sim}82$]. The aneurysms were located at middle cerebral artery in 63 [42.9%]. anterior communicating artery 30 [20.4%], posterior communicating artery in 26 [177%]. internal carotid artery[ICA] in 14 [95%], anterior choroidal artery in 4 [2.7%] and others in 10[6.9%]. One hundred fifteen [78.2%] of aneurysms were small [<10mm]. Others were large [10 to 25mm] and giant [>25mm]; 29 [19.7%] and 3 [21%] respectively. More than ninety percent [91.1%] of all patients recovered well. Mild to severe disability was seen in 8.7% of the patients. One patient succumbed to complications following injury to the ICA. Conclusion : The mortality and morbidity associated with UIA surgery at our hospital compared very favorably to the previous reported literature and with the previously established natural history of this disease.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2011

Objective : To investigate the efficacy of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery using a radial artery interposition graft (RAIG) for surgical management of cerebrovascular diseases. Methods : The study involved a retrospective analysis of 13 patients who underwent EC-IC bypass surgery using RAIG at a single neurosurgical institute between 2003 and 2009. The diseases comprised intracranial aneurysm (n=10), carotid artery occlusive disease (n=2), and delayed stenosis in the donor superficial temporal artery (STA) following previous STA-middle cerebral artery bypass surgery (n=1). Patients were followed clinically and radiographically. Results : Bypass surgery was successful in all patients. At a mean follow-up of 53.4 months, the short-term patency rate was 100%, and the long-term rate was 92.3%. Twelve patients had an excellent clinical outcome of Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 5, and one case had GOS 3. Procedure-related complications were a temporary dysthesia on the graft harvest hand (n=1) and a hematoma at the graft harvest site (n=1), and these were treated successfully with no permanent sequelae. In one case, spasm occurred which was relieved with the introduction of mechanical dilators. Conclusion : EC-IC bypass using a RAIG appears to be an effective treatment for a variety of cerebrovascular diseases requiring proximal occlusion or trapping of the parent artery.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.75-88
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• 2019

Diagnostic reference level (DRL) is employed to optimize the radiation doses of patients. The objective of this study is to review the DRLs for interventional procedures in Korea and abroad. Literature review was performed to investigate radiation dose index and measurement methodology commonly used in DRL determination. Dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time within each major procedure category were systematically abstracted and analyzed. A wide variation was found in the radiation dose. The DAP values and fluoroscopy times ranged 0.01-3,081 Gy·㎠ and 2-16,878 seconds for all the interventional procedures, 8.5-1,679 Gy·㎠ and 32-5,775 seconds for the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and 0.1-686 Gy·㎠ and 16-6,636 seconds for the transfemoral cerebral angiography (TFCA), respectively. The DRL values of the DAP and fluoroscopy time were 238 Gy·㎠ and 1,224 seconds for the TACE and 189 Gy·㎠ and 686 seconds for the TFCA, respectively. Generally, the DRLs of Korea were lower than those of other developed countries, except for the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent in arteries of the lower extremity (LE PTA and stent), aneurysm coil embolization, and Hickman insertion procedures. The wide variation in the radiation doses of the different procedures suggests that more attention must be paid to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure from medical imaging. Furthermore, periodic nationwide survey of medical radiation exposures is necessary to optimize the patient dose for radiation protection, which will ultimately contribute to patient dose reduction and radiological safety.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

Objective : Transfemoral catheter angiography (TFCA) is a basic procedure in neurovascular surgery with increasing importance in surgical and non-invasive treatments. Unfortunately, resident neurosurgeons have relatively few opportunities to perform TFCA in most institutions. We report a method developed in our hospital for training resident neurosurgeons to perform TFCA and evaluate the efficacy of this training. Methods : From May 2011 to September 2011, a total of 112 consecutive patients underwent TFCA by one resident neurosurgeon supervised by two neuroendovascular specialists. Patients who underwent elective diagnostic procedures were included in this study. Patients who underwent endovascular treatment were excluded. Demographic data, indications for TFCA, side of approach, number of selected arteries, and complications were analyzed. Results : This study included 64 males and 48 females with a mean age of 51.6 (12-81) years. All procedures were performed in the angiography suite. Common indications for procedures were as follows : stroke-induced symptoms in 61 patients (54.5%), Moyamoya disease and arteriovenous malformation in 13 patients (11.6%), and unruptured intracranial aneurysm in eight patients (7.1%). Right and left femoral puncture was performed in 98.2% and 1.8% of patients, respectively. A total of 465 selective angiographies were performed without complications. Angiographic examination was performed on 4.15 vessels per patient. Conclusion : TFCA can be performed safely by resident neurosurgeons based on anatomical study and a meticulous protocol under the careful supervision of neuroendovascular specialists.