• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.99-103
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• 2002

Geopungdodam-tang(GDT) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent of apoplexy. The mechanism of GDT on the cerebral blood flow is not known. The purpose of this Study was to investigate effects of GDT on the pial arterial diameter and action mechanism of GDT-induced increased regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF). The changes of regional cerebral blood f1ow(rCBF) was determinated by Laser-Doppler Flowmetry(LDF), and the changes of pial arterial diametet were determinated by video microscopy methods and video analyzer. The results were as follows ; 1. Pial arterial diameter was significantly increased by GDT in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Pretreatment with L-NNA significantly inhibited GDT induced increased rCBF. 3. Pretreatment with methylene blue significantly inhibited GDT induced increased rCBF. 4. Pretreatment with indomethacin inhibited GDT induced increased rCBF. These results suggest that GDT causes a diverse response of cerebral hemodynamics(rCBF and pial arterial diameter). The cerebral hemodynamics is also mediated by nitric oxide synthase, cyclic GMP(guanylyl cydase) and prostaglandin(cyclooxygenase).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.783-788
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• 2004

Cheonmabanhwa- Tang (CBT) has been used in the Oriental Medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for dizziness due to Poong-Dam, We reported that CBT had effects on the cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), pial arterial diameter (PAD), and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)] in normal and cerebral ischemic rats. Therefor we designed to determine the mechanism of action of CBT. The changes of rCBF and MABP were determinated by laser-Doppler flowmetry(LDF), and the change of PAD was determinated by video-microscopy. The results were as follows: The CBT-induced increase in rCBF was significnatly inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin (IDN, 1 ㎎/㎏, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, or methylene blue (MTB, 10 ㎍/㎏, i.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. The CBT-induced increase in PAD was also significantly inhibited by pretreatment with IDN or MTB. The CBT-induced increase in MABP was also significantly inhibited by pretreatment with IDN or MTB. In conclusion, it is suggested that CBT causes a diverse effect on cerebral hemodynamics via mediation of cyclooxygenase and guanylate cyclase.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.499-502
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• 2003

Neurotoxicity of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and neuroprotective effect of Aconiti Radix(AR) against ROS-induced cytotoxicity were determined on cultured mouse cerebral neurons by MTT assay after cerebral neurons were cultured for 5 hours in various concentrations of GO. GO was toxic in a dose-dependent manner on cultured cerebral neurons after cerebral neurons were incubated for 5 hours in media containing 5～40mU/ml GO. While, cultures were pretreated with 180 μg/ml AR for 2 hours increased remarkably cell viability. From these results, it is suggested that GO has toxic effect on cultured mouse cerebral neurons by the decrease of cell viability. And also, herb extract such as AKR is very effective in the protection pf neurotoxicity induced by GO.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.403-409
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• 2008

In Oriental medicine daeseungki-tang is one of the prescription that is used clinically for constipation of paralytics. The objective of the study was to observe the effect of daeseungki-tang on apoptotic neuronal cell death. In the present study, middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) rats were treated with daeseungi-tang for 5 days and the edema percentage of cerebral hemisphere of MCAO rats were investigated primary. Secondary, appearances of Bax, Bcl-2,-factors that is related to apoptotic neuronal cell death - and HSP72 in the brain of MCAO rats were investigated via immunohistochemistry. Daeseungki-tang significantly decreased edema percentage of the cerebral hemisphere of MCAO rats. Daeseungki-tang significantly decreased Bax positive cells, but did not change the apperances of Bcl-2 positive cells in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex and the caudoputamen of MCAO rats. Daeseungki-tang significantly decreased HSP72 positive cells in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex, but not in the caudoputamen of MCAO rats. Based on the present results, it can be suggested that treatment with daeseungki-tang may decrease edema of the cerebral hemisphere and restrain apoptotic neuronal cell death in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a new herbal medicine named CWS-A on the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in normal rats, and further to determine the mechanism of action. Also, this study was designed to investigate the effects of CWS-A on the changes in rCBF in cerebral ischemic rats and the safety examination of CWS-A in rats regared to body weight change, renal and liver function test, CBC, $LD_{50}$ and histological observation in rats. The rCBF was significantly and stably increased and MABP was significantly decreased by CWS-A during the period of cerebral reperfusion in normal rats. However, there were no here were no significant changes of rCBF in ischemic rats. In additional, there were no significant changes on the safety examination. In conclusion, these results suggest that medication of CWS-A is effective for the improve the cerebral blood flow and CWS-A can be prescribed as vertigo(眩暈) symptoms treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 1996

Rendering the brain ischemic would evoke the cerebral ischemic reflex which is characterized by an arterial pressor response, apnea and bradycardia. Since the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is known to play a key role in the maintenance of normal cardiopulmonary activity, during the cerebral ischemic reflex some cardiac related cells should be excited and respiration related cells inhibited. In this context, the responses of RVLM neurons to systemie and focal hypoxia were analyzed in the present study. Twenty-five adult cats of either sex were anesthetized with ${\alpha}-chloralose$ and the single neuronal activities were identified from RVLM area. For the induction of focal hypoxia in the recording site, sodium cyanide was applied iontophoretically and for systemic hypoxia the animal was ventilated with nitrogen gas for a twenty-second period. Cellular activities were analyzed in terms of their discharge pattern and responses to the hypoxia by using post-stimulus time and single-pass time histograms. Of eighteen cardiac related cells recorded from the RVLM area, twelve cells were excited by iontophoresed sodium cyanide and of twenty-five respiration related cells, fourteen cells were excited by iontophoresed sodium cyanide. Remaining cells were either inhibited or unaffected. Eight of fifteen cells tested with iontophoresed sodium lactate were excited and remaining seven cells were inhibited. Systemic hypoxia induced by nitrogen gas inhalation elevated the arterial blood pressure, but excited, inhibited or unaffected the single neuronal activities. Some cells showed initial excitation followed by inhibition during the systemic hypoxia. Bilateral vagotomy resulted in a decrease of arterial pressor response to the systemic hypoxia, and a slight decrease in the rhythmicity related to cardiac and/or respiratory rhythms. The single neuronal responses to either systemic or focal hypoxia were not affected qualitatively by vagotomy. From the above results, it was concluded that the majority of the cardiac- and respiration- related neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla be excited by hypoxia, not through the mediation of peripheral chemoreceptors, and along with the remaining inhibited cells, all these cells be involved in the mediation of cerebral ischemic reflex.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a common white matter lesion affecting the neonatal brains. PVL is closely associated with cerebral palsy (CP). It has been suggested that maternal or placental infection can induce damage to the neonatal brains. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill running and swimming of rat pups on the GFAP and MBP expressions in the brains of rat pups with maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CP. The rats were divided into the six groups for experiment 1: the control group, the control with mild exercise group, the control with moderate exercise group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with mild exercise group, and the LPS-treated with moderate exercise group (n=6 in each group). The rats in the running groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks. For experiment 2, the rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with swimming group, and the LPS-treated with treadmill running group (n = 5 in each group). The rats in the swimming group were made to swim for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The rats in the treadmill running group were made to run for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The present results showed that intracervical maternal LPS injection during pregnancy significantly increased GFAP expression in the striatum and significantly decreased MBP expression in the corpus callosum of rat pups. The present results also showed that treadmill running and swimming significantly suppressed GFAP expression and significantly enhanced MBP expression in the brains of rat pups with maternal LPS-induced CP. This effect of treadmill running was shown as equally both in the mild-intensity exercise and in the moderate-intensity exercise. The present study revealed that exercise, both the treadmill running and swimming, is effective for the treatment of astrogliosis and hypomyelination associated with CP. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill running and swimming are effective for alleviating the detrimental effects of CP.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1404-1409
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• 2004

Cheonmabanhwa-Tang(CBT) has been used in the Oriental Medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for dizziness due to Poong-Dam. This Study was designed to investigate the mechanism of Prescription on cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and pial arterial diameter(PAD)J in cerebral ischemia rats, The results in cerebral ischemic rats were as follows: Both rCBF and PAD were significantly and stably increased by CBT (10 ㎎/㎏, i.p.) during the period of cerebral reperfusion, which contrasted with the findings of rapid and marked increase in control group. Pretreatment with indomethacin(1 ㎎/㎏, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase significantly but unstably increased the CBT-induced increases in PAD as well as rCBF during the period of cerebral reperfusion. Pretreatment with methylene blue(10 (.1.㎍/㎏, i.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase significantly but unstably increased the CBT-induced increases in PAD as well as rCBF during 150 minutes of cerebral reperfusion, but decreased stably the CBT-induced increases in rCBF and PAD after 180 minutes of cerebral reperfusion. In conclusion, the present authors thought that CBT caused effect on cerebral hemodynamics via mediation of cyclooxygenase.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2013

This Study was designed to investigate the effects of Sibjeondaebo-tang (SDT) and Gamy-Sibjeondaebo-tang (GST, Sibjeondaebo-tang adding Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu) on the improvement in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in normal rats, and in the rats with cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, and further to determine the mechanisms. And, It was to investigate the effects of the SDT and GST with the change of histologic examination through the BDNF in the hippocampus CA1. In changes of cerebral hemodynamics, SDT and GST significantly increased rCBF in a dose-dependent manner but decreased MABP in normal rats. In mechanism of cerebral hemodynamics, Increase of GST-induced rCBF was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with methylene blue (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and Decrease of GST-induced MABP was significantly increased by pretreatment with methylene. These results suggested that the action of GST was mediated by guantlate cyclase pathway. In cerebral ischemics, the rCBF was stably improved by SDT (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly and stably increased by GST (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during the period of cerebral reperfusion, which contrast with the findings of rapid and marked increase in Control group. These results suggested that GST had anti-ischemic action in cerebral ischemic state. In histological examination through TTC stain, Sample A group and Sample B group decreased discoloration in the cortical part at $28^{th}$ day after MCAO induction. In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF, Sample A group and Sample B group increased respondent effect at $28^{th}$ day after MCAO induction. These results suggest that GST can Increase rCBF in normal state, as well as improve the stability of rCBF in cerebral ischemic state. Furthermore, methylene blue inhibitor study suggested the mechanism of blood flow enhancement by GST may be mediated by guanylate cyclase pathway.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

It was aimed to report a case of both anterior cerebral artery territory infarction patient improved by korean medical treatment. The patient was diagnosed by brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography(MRA). The symptoms were quadriplegia, urinary frequency, urinary incontinence and abulia. I applied herbal medicine, acupuncture, moxibustion, pharmacopuncture, cupping and physical exercise therapy. As a result of them, the symptoms of the patient were improved considerably. Status of the patient was evaluated by manaul muscle test(MMT), modified barthel index(MBI) and functional independence measure(FIM) and medical interview. MBI score was changed from 35 to 95 and FIM score was changed from 66 to 115. Therefore this report suggests that korean medical treatment could be effective to the anterior cerebral artery territory infarction.