This study analyzed the effect by comparing it with 2D game using playtest experimental treatment methodology to verify the video effect, materiality and fatigue effect of 3D video game. First, for the hypothesis to verify the difference of video experience of users for 3D and 2D games, visual clarity was rejected, but materiality, tangibility and presence hypotheses were all accepted. Second, it was shown that there was no difference in eye fatigue and physical fatigue in 3D and 2D games. It was different from results of existing research which claimed that fatigue occurred due to video distortion occurring in 3D video and fatigue inducing factors. Third, the results of measurement of changes in brain wave occurring in the course of playing 3D and 2D games showed that there was no difference in average amplitude of EEG alpha wave, but EEG beta wave occurred in higher amplitude. This study proved the cerebral physiological change and difference in the process of experience to use 3D video game by complementing the methodology in measurement in EEG brain wave in the traditional experimental method.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.23
no.3
/
pp.645-661
/
2009
The water extract of Dohongsamul-Tang(DHSMT) has been traditionally used to stroke and brain injuries in Oriental Medicine. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of DHSMT on the gene expression profile of cerebral infarction by cDNA microarray in photothrombotic ischemia mouse model. Photothrombotic ischemia was induced in stereotactically held male BALB/c mice using rose bengal and cold light. MRI was performed 24 hours after inducing photothrombosis using 1.5 T MRI and 47 mm surface coil to obtain T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced images. After MRI test, animal was sacrificed and the brain sections were stained for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry. MRI and histological analysis revealed that lesion of thrombotic ischemia was well induced in the cortex with the evidence of biological courses of infarction. The target area of thrombotic infarction was 1 mm anterior to bregma and 3 mm lateral to midline with 2 mm in diameter, which were decreased by administration of DHSMT. To assess gene expression pattern of cerebral infarction, mRNA was isolated and reacted with microarray chip(Agilant's DNA Microarray 44K). Scatter and MA plot analysis were performed to clustering of each functional genes. M value [M=log2(R/G), A={log2(R ${\times}$ G)}/2] was between -0.5 and +0.5 with 40% difference. After pretreatment with DHSMT, the expression levels of mRNA of many genes involved in various signaling pathway such as apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, response to oxidative stress, immune response, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine were markedly inhibited in photothrombotic ischemia lesion compared to the control group. These results suggest that DHSMT prevent ischemic death of brain on photothrombotic ischemia model of mice through modulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.19
no.6
/
pp.1676-1680
/
2005
There are few topic about a pulmonary thromboembolism(PTE) especially in Korean medical research. This case report is dealt with a rare situation that a PTE and a lacunar infarction are complicated in one patient. They have a similarity in that both are caused by the thrombosis. The former is the thrombosis in lung and the latter is the cerebral infarcion within the territory of a single perforating artery Recently the attack rate of PTE somewhat grow because of the development of medicine such as the increasing use of indwelling catheters, trauma or surgery of pelvis and lower extrimity, major surgery especially in senior, the use of estrogen containing compounds, cerebrovascular disease, obesity, etc. A 70 year-old lady was stroked by the cerebral infarction and has been getting rehabilitating therapy. She had the sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain and those symptoms looked like a myocardial infarction. But she was diagnosed as PTE by ventilation perfusion lung scan. We cured her with the integrated therapy of Korean and Western medicine.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.20
no.6
/
pp.1477-1484
/
2006
This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus $S_{EEM}$ extracts following gamma-ray irradiation on the change of weight, the serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, total lipid, phospholipid level in obese mice induced by high fat diet, and the change of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood pressure (BP) in normal rats. Experimental materials were as follows ; 10AS was the bark powder of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus $S_{EEM}$ stems which was exposed in 10 kGy electron beam, 10AS was the bark powder of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus $S_{EEM}$ roots which was exposed in 10 kGy electron beam, 100S was the bark powder of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus $S_{EEM}$ stems which was exposed in 100 kGy electron beam, Experimental groups were as follows ; Normal group was fed with normal diet and administered with distilled water during 5 weeks, Control group was fed with high fat diet and administered with distilled water during 5 weeks, Sample A group was fed with high fat diet and administered with 10AS of 300 mg/kg/mouse/day during 5 weeks, Sample B group was fed with high fat diet and administered with 10AR of 300 mg/kg/mouse/day during 5 weeks, Sample C group was fed with high fat diet and administered with 100AS of 300 mg/kg/mouse/day during 5 weeks. The results were as follows ; Sample A group, Sample B group and Sample C group were significantly decreased body weight and the serum LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid level in comparison with Control group. Sample A group, Sample B group and Sample C group were significantly increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level in comparison with Control group. Sample B group and Sample C group were significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipid level in comparison with Control group. This results were suggested that all experimental materials were able to be used for the obesity. 10AS did not changed rCBF and MABP in a dose-dependent manner. 10AR significantly increased rCBR in a dose-dependent manner, and BP did not change in a dose-dependent manner. 100AS decreased rCBF and BP in a dose-dependent manner. This results were suggested that 10 AR significantly increased rCBF by dilating pial arterial diameter. According to above results, the authors suggested that 10AR was able to be used for the obesity and ischemic disease.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.19
no.2
/
pp.416-425
/
2005
This study demonstrated neuroprotective and anti-oxidative effects of Puerariae Radix for cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotective effects were studied by using oxygen/glucous deprivation of the organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to complement limitations of in vivo and in vitro models for cerebral ischemia study. Anti-oxidative effects were studied on BV-2 microglia cells damaged by $H_2O_2$ and nitric oxide. The results obtained are as follows; The groups treated with 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix revealed significant decreases of neuronal cell death area and cell death area percentages in CA1 region of ischemic damaged hippocampus cultures during whole 48 hours of the experiment. The groups treated with 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix revealed significant decreases of neuronal cell death area and cell death area percentages in DG region of ischemic damaged hippocampus cultures during whole 48 hours of the experiment. The groups treated with 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix revealed significant decreases of TUNEL-positive cells in both CA1 region and DG region of ischemic damaged hippocampus cultures. The group treated with $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix demonstrated significant decrease of TUNEL-positive cells in CA1 region. The groups treated with 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix revealed significant decreases of LDH concentrations in culture media of ischemic damaged hippocampus cultures. The groups treated with 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix revealed significant increases of cell viabilities of BV-2 microglia cells damaged by $H_2O_2$. The group treated with $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Puerariae Radix revealed significant increase of cell viability of BV-2 microglia cells damaged by nitric oxide. These results suggested that Puerariae Radix of cerebral ischemic revealed neuroprotective effects through the control effect of apoptosis and oxidative damages.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.20
no.4
/
pp.1044-1050
/
2006
The Korean genuine medicine, 'Gigukjihwangtanggami (GJT)' has long been used clinically for hypertension and various cerebrovascular diseases. However, experimental study has been carried out very little. Recently cytokines involved in the regulation of inflammatory reactions and immune responses may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction (CI). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of GJT on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) stimulated with lipopolysaccaride (LPS) from Cl patients. The amount of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha}),\;interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4 and IL-10 in PBMC culture supernatant was significantly increased in the LPS treated cells compared to unstimulated cells. GJT inhibited the production of $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-8 induced by LPS. The maximal inhibition rate of the $TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-8 production by pretreatment of GJT (1 mg/ml) was $57.32{\pm}2.5%$ (p.0.05), $42.02{\pm}3.5%$ (p.0.05), $40.02{\pm}2.3%$ (p.0.05) and $48.02{\pm}3.1$, (p.0.05), respectively. In the Other hand, GJT increased the production of IL-4 and IL-10. The maximal increase rate of the IL-4 and IL-10 production by pretreatment of GJT (1 mg/ml) was $42.4{\pm}3.3%$ (p.0.05) End $56.4{\pm}2.9%$ (p.0.05), respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that GJT Ray have regulatory effects on the cytokine production and suggest that GJT might use clinically for the treatment of CI.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool used to study aspects of human brain physiology, including motor function and the pathophysiology of various brain disorders. A brief electric current passed through a magnetic coil produces a high-intensity magnetic field, which can excite or inhibit the cerebral cortex. Although various brain regions can be evaluated by TMS, most studies have focused on the motor cortex where motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are produced. Single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS can be used to measure the excitability of the motor cortex via various parameters, while repetitive TMS induces cortical plasticity via long-term potentiation or long-term depression-like mechanisms. Therefore, TMS is useful in the evaluation of physiological mechanisms of various neurological diseases, including movement disorders and epilepsy. In addition, it has diagnostic utility in spinal cord diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and demyelinating diseases. The therapeutic effects of repetitive TMS on stroke, Parkinson disease and focal hand dystonia are limited since the duration and clinical benefits seem to be temporary. New TMS techniques, which may improve clinical utility, are being developed to enhance clinical utilities in various neurological diseases.
Insulin appears to play a role in brain physiology, and disturbances of cerebral insulin signalling and glucose homeostasis are implicated in brain pathology. The objective of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of insulin under conditions of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in C6 glial cells. Insulin at concentration of $10^{-7}$ M could prevent 12 h $H_2O_2$-induced cell death. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly scavenged by insulin pre-treatment in C6 glial cells after $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. Insulin significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt in the cells and the activation of Akt was maintained in response to insulin under $H_2O_2$ incubation for 12 h. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that insulin acts as a free radical scavenger and stimulating Akt activity. These data suggest that insulin may be effective in degenerative diseases with oxidative stress.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
/
v.18
no.6
/
pp.1585-1597
/
2004
Facial palsy is a common disease in clinic, which can be classified into central and peripheral according to the causes. The central facial palsy is caused by cerebral vascular accident, brain tumor, etc. The peripheral facial palsy comes from cold stimulus on face, regional infection of virus, suppurative tympanitis, inflammation on mastoid process, pathological teeth, trauma like cranial fracture, and so forth, They have distinctive features in diagnosis. While the central facial palsy is followed by hemiplegia and articulation disorder, the peripheral one by the disappearance of wrinkles on the forehead and rising of eyeball on paralyzed side when closing the eyes. Most of the cases in this thesis are peripheral palsy. The social classes and ages of the patients are so various that the treatments must be applied from various standpoints. The statistical data shows that the functional weakness of the whole body is the fundamental condition of the facial palsy. Therefore it is very important to find and the exact pathology and treatment appropriate for Hyungsang of the patients.
Ethanol has long been implicated in triggering apoptotic neurodegeneration. Alcohol also may indirectly harm the fetus by imparing the mother's physiology. We examined the effects of ethanol on immature brain of mice. Three-weeks-old female ICR strain mice daily intraperitoneally injected with ethanol at the concentration of 4 and 20% in saline for 0, 6, and 24 hours and 1 and 4 weeks. The mice were weighted and sacrificed, and the brains were ectomized for the present histological, immunohistochemical and TUNEL assays. Based on the histologic hematoxylin and eosin stain, immunohistochemical expression of glutamate receptor protein and neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) were evaluated. The cerebral cortex of the ethanol-treated group showed few typical symptoms of apoptosis such as chromosome condensation and disintegration of the cell bodies. TUNEL staining revealed DNA fragmentation in the 6 and 24 hours. This results demonstrated that acute ethanol administration causes neuronal cell death. I found that either glutamate receptor inhibition or activation could induce cerebellar degeneration as ethanol effect. Neuronal death also can be induced by excess activity of certain neurotransmitter, including glutamate. Neurons must establish cell-to-cell contact during growth and development in order to survive, migrate to their final destination, and develop appropriate connections with neighboring cell. Purkinje cell in cerebellar are especially vulnerable to the cell death and degeneration. After ethanol treatment in cerebellar, NCAM had decreased by 4 weeks. This result suggest that apoptosis seems to be involved in the slow elimination of neuron and cerebellar degeneration.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.