• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2002

Background & Purpose : Dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging, one method of perfusion MRI, was developed to define cerebral hemodynamic status with good anatomical resolution. The authors investigated hemodynamic parameters using this imaging method, in an effort to identify hemodynamic changes on the remote crossed cerebellum of patients with a supratentorial infarct. Methods : Dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging was performed in 15 patients with only unilateral supratentorial infarcts. Imaging was obtained at the anatomic level of the cerebellum. rCBF, rCBV, MTT and TP were determined over both cerebellar hemispheres of interest. Results : The rCBF and rCBV values of the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere were significantly more decreased than those of the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere in 12 patients(p=0.028, 0.033). MTT and TP values of the contralateral and ipsilateral cerebellar hemispheres didn't reveal any differences(p=0.130, 0.121). Conclusions : The results of this work suggest that the region which are remote from the ischemic brain lesion shows no changes of MTT or TP but show decrease of rCBF and rCBV, mean to diaschisis, it also demonstrates that perfusion MRI is an easily available method to evaluate the hemodynamic status of the brain.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.30.1-30.6
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• 2022

This report aims to describe the first case of muscular and collagenous choristoma in a dog. A 10-yr-old female mixed-breed dog presented with lateral recumbence, vocalization, positional vertical nystagmus, divergent strabismus, anisocoria, and status epilepticus. The clinical condition evolved to stupor and ultimately, death. Necropsy revealed a white mass causing an irregular increase in the volume of the cerebellar vermis. In histological analysis, a well circumscribed, unencapsulated mass was observed in the cerebellum, consisting of fibers of striated skeletal muscle and collagen fibers, mostly mineralized. Based on the histopathological and histochemical findings, a diagnosis of muscular and collagenous cerebellar choristoma was made.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.60-71
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• 2018

Objectives A growing body of evidence has suggested that morphologic changes in cerebellum may be implicated with pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this study is to investigate a difference in the volume and cortical thickness of the specific region of cerebellum between patients with MDD and healthy controls (HC). Methods A total of 127 patients with MDD and 105 HC participated in this study and underwent T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed volume and cortical thickness of each twelve cerebellum regions divided by left and right and the volume and cortical thickness of the whole cerebellum from T1-weigted image of participants. One-way analysis of covariance was used to investigate the volume and cortical thickness difference of total and specific regions between two groups adjusting for age, gender, medication, and total intracranial cavity volume. Results We found that the patients with MDD had significantly greater volume in the left cerebellum lobule III region [false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected p = 0.034] compared to HC. Also, our findings indicate that cortical thickness of left lobule VIIB (FDR-corrected p = 0.032) and lobule VIIIB (FDR-corrected p = 0.032) are significantly thinner in the patients with MDD compared with the HC. No significant volume and cortical thickness differences were observed in other sub-regions of the cerebellum. The volumes and cortical thickness of whole cerebellum between patients with MDD and HC did not differ significantly. Conclusions We observed the region-specific volume and cortical thickness difference in cerebellum between the patients with MDD and HC. The results of our study implicate that the information about structural alterations in cerebellum with further replicative studies might provide a stepping stone toward a specific marker to diagnose MDD.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.11.1-11.5
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• 2011

The MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) volumetric analysis of the brain was performed in 59 healthy elderly Koreans (aged 62-76 years; 34 male, 25 female) to investigate whether the previously reported significant correlations between body height and brain volumes in the young aged Koreans (20's) still exist in the old aged Koreans (60's and 70's). Unlike previously reported significant correlations in the young aged Koreans, neither the correlation between whole brain volume and body height in male nor the correlation between cerebellar volume and body height in female show any significance in the old aged Koreans. The significant correlation between body height and whole brain volume was still observed when both male and female data were combined (r=0.27, P<0.05), but the correlation coef-ficient and the level of significance markedly decreased from those of previously reported Korean youth data (r=0.67, P<0.01). Simple linear regression analysis shows decrease of explanatory power of height (measured in $r^2$) from 44% in the youth group to 7% in the old age group on the variance of whole brain volume. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that age and sex, rather than height, are major explanatory variables for whole brain volume in the old aged Koreans. The loss of correlations in the aged group is suspected to be mainly due to age related brain volume changes.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2021

Objectives: Despite the growing concern regarding the adverse effects related to problematic smartphone use (PSU), little is known about underlying morphologic changes in the brain. The brainstem is a deep brain structure that consists of several important nuclei associated with emotions, sensations, and motor functions. In this study, we sought to examine the difference in the volume of brainstem substructures among adolescents with and without PSU. Methods: A total of 87 Korean adolescents participated in this study. The PSU group (n=20, age=16.2±1.1, female:male=12:8) was designated if participants reported a total Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) score of ≥42, whereas the remaining participants were assigned to the control group (n=67, age=15.3±1.7, female:male=19:48). High-resolution T1 magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and the volume of each of the four brainstem substructures [midbrain, pons, medulla, and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)] was measured. Analysis of covariance was conducted to reveal group differences after adjusting for effects of age, gender, whole brainstem volume, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity. Results: The PSU group showed a significantly smaller volume of the SCP than the control group (F=8.273, p=0.005). The volume of the SCP and the SAPS score were negatively correlated (Pearson's r=-0.218, p=0.047). Conclusion: The present study is the first to reveal an altered volume of the brainstem substructure among adolescents with PSU. This finding suggests that the altered white matter structure in the brainstem could be one of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying behavioral changes in PSU.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

The objective was to use MR imaging to provide a template of posterior fossa development during the late stages in the chick embryos. The MR findings were then correlated with histological data. Fourteen normal formalin-fixed embryonic specimens with a gestational age of 14 to 20 days were examined with 1.5 Tesla unit MRl using a conventional clinical magnet and pulse sequences. The MR findings were correlated with the whole-mount histological specimens. Resolution of the morphological features of posterior fossa development in embryos greater than 14 days gestational age was possible. Development of cerebellum, brain stem, 4th ventricle and bony posterior fossa was documented. In the 14-day-old embryos, a premordial cerebellum was visualized in the enlarged bony posterior fossa, and it covered the the roof of the primitive fourth ventricle. The bony posterior fossa grows at the same rate along the supratentorial skull. The supratentorial skull and the rostral part of the brain grows at the same rate. The cerebellum begins to grow later than the rostral part of the brain. In the 19- to 20-day-old embryos, MRl revealed the rapid development of the cerebellar hemispheres, along with an increase in volume manifested by the more typical mushroom-shaped configuration observed in the newly hatched. At this stage, the cerebellum almost completely filled the posterior fossa and covered the entire fourth ventricle. The brain stem grew steadily, but the volume change was too subtle to evaluate. Features of cerebellar histogeneis were beyond the resolution of MRl. However, there were lots of artifacts in the features of the bony posterior fossa. An MR template of normal posterior fossa development would be useful to avoid confusion of normal development with abnormal development and to identify the expected developmental features when provided the estimated gestational age of a embryo.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.67-70
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• 2017

Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) is associated with neuroanatomical abnormalities, including choroid plexus cysts and various types of brain tumors. Trisomy 21 is associated with oncogenic factor, especially in brain tumor. The brain of DS patients had a smaller volume of gray and white matter and an unbalanced cerebellum volume, indicating a smaller volume overall than normal. We report a case of a DS male patient who had an incidentally discovered neuroglial cyst in left cerebellar vermis. He visited our hospital with gait disturbance and fatigue. But, the neurologic exam was normal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a neuroglial cyst in a trisomy 21 patient. As the developmental mechanisms of a cyst and the choroid plexus are related, more research is needed.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2015

태아의 소뇌는 임신주수에 따라 성장하며 소뇌횡직경 길이의 측정은 임상에서 태아성장 예측의 중요한 지표로 활용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 임신 20~37주 사이의 산모를 임신 주수별 각 20명씩 총 340명을 대상으로 3차원초음파 탐촉자를 이용하여 태아의 태령 및 태아의 소뇌 양쪽 외단을 측정해 기초자료를 획득하였다. 결과적으로 임신 주수에 따른 태아 소뇌횡직경의 성장을 회귀곡선으로 표시하였고 선형회귀방정식에서 결정계수를 얻었다. 3차원초음파를 이용한 임신주수에 따른 소뇌횡직경 측정방법은 통계적으로 유의(p<0.001)하였으며, 태령을 예측함에 있어 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 임신주수에 따라 증가하는 소뇌횡직경의 측정은 정확한 임신주수의 산정이 가능 할 것이며 임상에서 현재 이용되고 있는 태령측정 방법의 대체 또는 개선방법이라 사료된다. 태아의 성장에 따라 측정하는 소뇌형직경은 임신주수에 따른 태아 성장의 평가가 가능하며, 태아의 머리 모양에 관계없이 성장장애가 있는 경우에도 임신주수의 예측이 가능하다. 따라서 본 연구를 기초자료로 하여 지속적인 연구가 시행된다면 3차원초음파를 이용한 소뇌횡 직경의 측정은 정확한 임신주수 예측에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Psychiatry investigation
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1174-1180
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• 2018

Objective Structural changes of brain areas have been reported in depressive disorder and suicidal behavior (SB), in which TPH1 also has been known as a promising candidate gene. We investigated gray matter volume (GMV) differences, TPH1 rs1800532 and rs1799913 polymorphisms previously found to be associated with depressive disorder and SB, and the relationship between the two markers. Methods Thirteen depressive disorder patients with suicidal attempts (SA) and twenty healthy controls were included. We examined GMV differences using a voxel-based morphometry and regions of interest analysis. Direct sequencing was used for genotyping. Results The patients showed significant GMV reduction in left cerebral region including middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex; in right middle temporal gyrus; in left cerebellar tonsil; and in right cerebral region including precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus (corrected p<0.005). The right precentral and postcentral gyri GMV values of AA and CA genotypes patients were significantly decreased compared to those of CC genotype subjects (corrected p=0.040). Conclusion These findings show the possibility that both GMV reductions and TPH1 rs1800532/rs1799913 A allele may be involved in the pathogenesis of depressive disorder patients with SA.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.320-329
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• 1997

유아 자폐증 환아에서의 신경 방사선학적 소견은 계속 연구되어 왔으나 이전의 연구에서는 일관된 특징적인 소견을 보여주지 못하였고, 대부분의 연구에서 성인이나 학령기 아동을 대상으로 하였었다. 본 연구는 8세 이전의 환아만을 대상으로 자기공명영상과 뇌혈류 SPECT의 기능적, 해부학적 이상을 알아보고자 하였다. DSM-IV와 CARS의 진단기준을 만족하는 18명의 환아를 대상으로 후향적으로 뇌혈류 SPECT와 자기공명영상 소견을 분석하였다. 환아의 평균연령은 55개월(28-89 개월)이었다. SPECT는 185-370 MBq의 Tc-99m ECD를 정맥주사후 annular crystal 감마카메라를 이용하여 시행하였고 자기공명영상은 1.5 Tesla GE signa machine을 이용하여 T1, T2 axial과 T1 sagittal sequence를 얻었다. 뇌혈류 SPECT 상 13명의 환아에서 국소적인 관류저하가 관찰되었고 각각 소뇌 충부(12/18), 소뇌반구(11/18), 시상(13/18), 기저핵(4/18), 두정엽(7/18), 측두엽(1/18)에서 관류저하 소견을 보였다. 반면 자기공명영상에서는 3명의 환아에서만 이상 소견을 보였는데 각각 뇌실 주변부 백질의 감소(3/18), 뇌량의 간 및 팽대부의 위축(1/18), 소뇌 충부의 용적 감소 (1/18)를 보였다. 뇌혈류 SPECT와 자기공명영상에서 나타난 이상 소견을 비교하여 볼 때 자기공명영상상의 합당한 해부학적 이상 소견이 없음에도 뇌혈류 SPECT에서 더 광범위한 혈류 저하 부위를 보였다. 결론적으로 뇌혈류 SPECT상 광범위한 관류 저하를 소뇌, 시상, 두정엽에서 관찰할 수 있었고, 뇌혈류 SPECT가 자기공명영상에 비하여 유아 자폐증의 병태생리를 반영함에 있어 더 민감한 방법임을 알 수 있었다 하지만 시상이나 두정엽의 관류 저하의 임상적 의미에 관한 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.