• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.687-691
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• 2000

In this case report regarding one patient with complete left bundle branch block and mild hypokinesia of left ventricle, who had cebebellar infarction and therefore showed the symptoms of cerabellar dyskinesia followed by dyspnea, chest discomfortness, insomnia and dry cough. From the point of oriental diagnostic criteria, the patient s clinical conditions were all classified as $^{\circ}AEdeprivation$ of kidney essence' and treated accordingly. He showed no change in EKG monitoring but above symptoms were removed markedly after following treatment. Further elaboration of oriental diagnostic classification could possibly lead to the fundamental treatment.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 1997

Toluene inhalation increases glutamate level and its receptor in various brain regions. In this study, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities were investigated in various rat brain regions using NADPH diaphorase staining method which examined histochemical changes of NOS in the neural cells. Also, in vitro LDH leakage assay and MTT test were performed to investigate the toxic influences of toluene in cultured granule cell of rat cerebellum which was significantly affected with toluene in vivo. Rats were exposed to toluene of 10000 ppm for 3 days. 7 days and 14 days by 20 min $\times$ 2 times a day. NADPH diaphorase staining was processed in the different brain regions after inhalation. NADPH diaphorase staining density was not significantly changed at 3 days inhalation group, but the density decreased in proportion to the duration of toluene inhalation. Over 30% of staining density was decreased at 14 days group which was maximum duration of inhalation in this study. The tendency of staining density decrease was significant in granule cell of cerebellum. Cell death by toluene exposure was observed in cultured cerebellar granule cell. $EC_{50}$ measured with LDH leakage assay and MTT test were 43 mM and 72 mM respectively.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.308-312
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• 1998

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is usually confined to the respiratory tract but it can cause a variety of extrapulmonary manifestations such as rashes, myalgia, hemolytic anemia, cerebral infarction, transverse myelitis, cerebellar ataxia, Guillain-Barre syndrome and meningoencephalitis. Neurologic complications of Mycoplasma pneumonia have been rarely reported until now. Cerebral infarction as a complication of mycoplasma infection in children has been very rarely reported. In our case, in a young girl with M. pneumoniae infection, a cerebral infarct resulted in persistent and significant neurological dysfunction. We report a 11-year-old girl with cerebral infarction associated with clinical and serologic evidence of Mycoplasma infection.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.311-314
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• 2007

수모세포종은 주로 소뇌 충수에서 기원하는 것이 대부분이며, 천막에서 기원하는 경우는 아주 드물다. 본 보고는 심한 두통, 오심, 그리고 구토 등의 증세로 내원한 12세 남자 환자의 경우이다. 자기공명영상 검사 상 좌측 천막에서 기원한 것으로 보이는 종양이 있었으며, 이를 수막종으로 의심하고 수술적 치료를 시도하였다. 병리학적 검사 결과는 수모세포종이었다. 이에 본 저자는 천막에서 기원한 비정형적인 수모세포종에 대한 문헌고찰과 저자가 경험한 증례를 보고하고자 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권sup1호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2016

Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by the "molar tooth sign" (MTS) with cerebellar vermis agenesis, episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, and hypotonia. Ocular and oculomotor abnormalities have been observed; however, Horner syndrome (HS) has not been documented in children with JS. We present the case of a 2-month-old boy having ocular abnormalities with bilateral nystagmus, left-dominant bilateral ptosis, and unilateral miosis and enophthalmos of the left eye, which were compatible with HS. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the presence of the MTS. Neck MRI showed no definite lesion or mass around the cervical sympathetic chain. His global development was delayed. He underwent ophthalmologic surgery, and showed some improvement in his ptosis. To the best of our knowledge, the association of HS with JS has not yet been described. We suggest that early neuroimaging should be considered for neonates or young infants with diverse eye abnormalities to evaluate the underlying etiology.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권sup1호
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• pp.149-151
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• 2016

Chiari malformations are a congenital anomaly of the hindbrain. The most common, Chiari malformation type I (CM-I), is characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils extending at least 3 mm below the plane of the foramen magnum. Consequently, CM-I is associated with hydrocephalus and symptoms involving compression of the cervicomedullary junction by ectopic tonsils. Several studies have reported the clinical symptoms associated with CM-I, including suboccipital headache, weakness in the upper extremities, facial numbness, loss of temperature sensation, ataxia, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, and tinnitus. Syncope is one of the rarest presentations in patients with CM-I. There are many hypotheses regarding the causes of syncope in patients with CM-I; however, the mechanisms are not clearly understood. Although surgical decompression for CM-I in patients with syncope has yielded good clinical results in some studies, such cases are rarely reported. We report a case of orthostatic syncope in a patient with CM-I who was treated with surgical intervention.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.221-224
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• 2015

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by unilateral facial nerve dysfunction. The usual cause involves vascular compression of the seventh cranial nerve, but compression by an artery passing through the facial nerve is very unusual. A 20-year-old man presented with left facial spasm that had persisted for 4 years. Compression of the left facial nerve root exit zone by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) was revealed on magnetic resonance angiography. During microvascular decompression surgery, penetration of the distal portion of the facial nerve root exit zone by the AICA was observed. At the penetrating site, the artery was found to have compressed the facial nerve and to be immobilized. The penetrated seventh cranial nerve was longitudinally split about 2 mm. The compressing artery was moved away from the penetrating site and the decompression was secured by inserting Teflon at the operative site. Although the facial spasm disappeared in the immediate postoperative period, the patient continued to show moderate facial weakness. At postoperative 12 months, the facial weakness had improved to a mild degree. Prior to performing microvascular decompression of HFS, surgeons should be aware of a possibility for rare complex anatomy, such as compression by an artery passing through the facial nerve, which cannot be observed by modern imaging techniques.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.59-61
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• 2012

Although the mechanism of hemifacial spasm (HFS) is not yet well established, vascular compression of the facial nerve root exit zone and hyperexcitability of the facial nucleus have been suggested. We report a case of HFS in the setting of coinciding intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) of the pons and proximal ligation of the contralateral vertebral artery (VA) for the treatment of a fusiform aneurysm of the distal VA and discuss the possible etiologies of HFS in this patient. A 51-year-old male with an ICH of the pons was admitted to our hospital. Neuroimaging studies revealed an incidental fusiform aneurysm of the right VA distal to the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Eight months after proximal ligation of the VA the patient presented with intermittent spasm of the left side of his face. Pre- and post-ligation magnetic resonance angiography revealed an enlarged diameter of the VA. The spasm completely disappeared after microvascular decompression.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2018

The investigation of the embryonic development of the cerebellum has a long history. The postnatal normal development of the cerebellum in rodents and other animals became a popular topic for morphological investigations nearly a century ago. However, surprisingly, only a few studies are available regarding the prenatal normal development of the rodent cerebellum, especially in guinea pigs. Cell proliferation is essential for the development of the nervous system. The assessment of cell proliferation can be achieved by using various methods. In this study, we investigated the cell proliferation of the cerebellar cortex in guinea pigs at different stages of pregnancy and in postnatal life. Fetuses were obtained by cesarean section at 50 or 60 days of gestation (dg). Immunohistochemistry was performed with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody in the cerebellum. Strong PCNA immunoreactivity was observed in the external granular layer (EGL), which is a neurogenic zone in the cerebellum. The proportion of PCNA-IR cells was greater at 1 week than at 60 dg in lobule I, but not lobule VIII. After 50 dg, the width of the EGL continued to decline until 1 week, due to the maturation of the EGL cells. These results demonstrate the pattern of PCNA immunoreactivity in the developing cerebellum of guinea pigs. This serves as a guideline to study abnormal cerebellum development.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.51-53
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• 2011

We present a rare case of medulloblastoma which presented with unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss as an initial symptom. A 19-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of dizziness and facial numbness on the right side. His illness had begun two years previously with sudden hearing loss on the right side, for which he had been treated as an idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated abnormal signals located mainly in the right middle cerebellar peduncle. We performed partial resection of the tumor by suboccipital craniotomy. The histopathological diagnosis was medulloblastoma. Intrinsic brain tumor is an extremely rare cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss and is therefore easily overlooked as was in the present case. The present case highlights not only the need to evaluate patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss by magnetic resonance imaging but also the importance of paying attention to intrinsic lesions involving the brainstem. Although this condition like the presented case might be rare, intrinsic brain tumor should be considered as a potential cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, as it may be easily missed leading to a delay in appropriate treatment.