• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.643-648
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• 2005

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating some chemical constituents in cereal grains and forages. If samples could be analyzed without drying and grinding, then sample preparation time and costs may be reduced. This study was conducted to develop robust NIRS equations to predict fermentation quality of corn (Zea mays) silage and to select acceptable sample preparation methods for prediction of fermentation products in corn silage by NIRS. Prior to analysis, samples (n = 112) were either oven-dried and ground (OD), frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground (LN) and intact fresh (IF). Samples were scanned from 400 to 2,500 nm with an NIRS 6,500 monochromator. The samples were divided into calibration and validation sets. The spectral data were regressed on a range of dry matter (DM), pH and short chain organic acids using modified multivariate partial least squares (MPLS) analysis that used first and second order derivatives. All chemical analyses were conducted with fresh samples. From these treatments, calibration equations were developed successfully for concentrations of all constituents except butyric acid. Prediction accuracy, represented by standard error of prediction (SEP) and $R^2_{v}$ (variance accounted for in validation set), was slightly better with the LN treatment ($R^2$ 0.75-0.90) than for OD ($R^2$ 0.43-0.81) or IF ($R^2$ 0.62-0.79) treatments. Fermentation characteristics could be successfully predicted by NIRS analysis either with dry or fresh silage. Although statistical results for the OD and IF treatments were the lower than those of LN treatment, intact fresh (IF) treatment may be acceptable when processing is costly or when possible component alterations are expected.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2017

2014년부터 2016년 5월까지 3,313건의 농산물우수관리 기준으로 재배되는 농산물(GAP 농산물)에 대한 미등록농약 오염 실태를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 미등록농약 오염에 의한 부적합 건수가 잔류허용기준을 초과에 의한 부적합 건수보다 훨씬 많았다. 미등록농약이 검출되어 부적합 판정된 GAP 농산물의 대부분은 소면적엽채류 작물이었는데 그 이유는 이들 작물에 등록된 농약이 곡류나 과일류보다 훨씬 부족하기 때문으로 확인되었다. 또한 방제가 끝난 농약 살포기를 세척하여도 살포기 내에 농약이 어느 정도 잔류할 수 있으며, 이 때 잔류한 농약이 허용되지 않은 작물에 비의도적으로 이행될 수 있음이 확인되었다. 따라서 침체된 우리나라의 농산물우수관리제도(Good Agricultural Practices, GAP)를 활성화하기 위해서는 모든 농작물에 농약이 충분히 등록되어야 하고, 또한 농약 살포기에 잔류한 농약이 완전히 세척되지 않는 경우를 감안하여 미등록 농약이 비의도적으로 농작물에 이행되는 것이 일정량 허용되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.316-323
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• 1994

In order to reduce the problems from the presence of rye crop residues in maize establishment and yield, and also to improve the growth, productivity and nutritive value of rye(Seca1e cereal L.). an experiment was canied out to determine the variety effect of rye on the forage production system and the eft'ect of seeding and harvesting dates on the production and quality of rye. 'This experiment was conducted at the forage testing field of S.N.U., Suweon, from September 1986 to May 1989. Heading date of an early maturing rye variety, Wintermore. was earlier 10 days than that of a late maturing rye variety, Kodiak. A 15-days delay in the seeding dates of early and late maturing varieties of rye tended to delay the heading dates of the rye varieties for 3 and 4 days, respectively. Dry matter and in vitro digestible dry matter yields were markedly increased with earlier seeding date. Before 20 April, the DM and IVDDM yeilds of an early maturing rye variety, Winterrnore. were higher than those of a late maturing rye variety, Kodiak. However, no such a trend was found between the early and late maturing varieties of rye after 27 April. Less than 35% of ADF was recorded until the harvesting dates of 13 and 27 p r i l for early and late maturing rye varieties, respectively, but less than 46% of NDF was maintained until the harvesting drtte of 13 April for botg varieties. Based on the results obtained from this experiment. it may be concluded that the most desirable forage production from corn-rye double cropping system is to advance the seeding time of rye toward the first 10 days of September as well as harvesting time toward the first heading stage with an early maturing rye variety.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.27-27
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• 2016

The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum is the most common pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease for major cereal crops worldwide. FHB causes significant crop losses by reducing grain yield and quality as well as contaminating cereals with trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. ZEA is a causative agent of hyperestrogenic syndrome in mammals and can result in reproductive disorders in farm animals. In F. graminearum, the ZEA biosynthetic cluster is composed of four genes, PKS4, PKS13, ZEB1, and ZEB2, which encode a reducing polyketide synthase, a nonreducing polyketide synthase, an isoamyl alcohol oxidase, and a transcription factor, respectively. Although it is known that ZEB2 primarily acts as a regulator of ZEA biosynthetic cluster genes, the mechanism underlying this regulation remains undetermined. In this study, two isoforms (ZEB2L and ZEB2S) from the ZEB2 gene in F. graminearum were characterized. It was revealed that ZEB2L contains a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus, whereas ZEB2S is an N-terminally truncated form of ZEB2L that lacks the bZIP domain. Interestingly, ZEA triggered the induction of both ZEB2L and ZEB2S transcription. In ZEA producing condition, the expression of ZEB2S transcripts via alternative promoter usage was directly or indirectly initiated by ZEA. Physical interaction between ZEB2L and ZEB2L as well as between ZEB2L and ZEB2S was observed in the nucleus. The ZEB2S-ZEB2S interaction was detected in both the cytosol and the nucleus. ZEB2L-ZEB2L oligomers activated ZEA biosynthetic cluster genes, including ZEB2L. ZEB2S inhibited ZEB2L transcription by forming ZEB2L-ZEB2S heterodimers, which reduced the DNA-binding activity of ZEB2L. This study provides insight into the autoregulation of ZEB2 expression by alternative promoter usage and a feedback loop during ZEA production.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.667-673
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• 2010

특수미 품종인 고아미2호는 취반용 쌀로는 적합하지 않으므로 가공용 기능성 곡류소재로서의 활용성을 알아보고자 제빵 시 강력분의 일부를 쌀가루로 대체하였으며 일반 쌀 품종인 추청벼 쌀가루와의 제빵특성을 비교하였다. 쌀가루의 호화특성은 고아미2호는 전분 호화 시 호화개시온도가 높고 전분 팽윤 현상이 억제되어 호화 점도가 매우 낮았다. 강력분에 쌀가루를 10~30% 대체한 혼합분의 mixograph특성은 고아미2호 복합분은 쌀가루 함량이 증가 할수록 가수량이 증가하였으나 추청벼 복합분은 쌀가루함량 증가 시 반죽 안정도가 현저하게 감소되었다. 복합분을 활용한 식빵에서 고아미2호 쌀빵은 쌀가루 증가와 함께 부피 감소와 함께 빵 내부의 경도가 현저하게 증가하였다. 그러나 추청벼 쌀빵은 최대 30%까지 대체 시 빵의 부피 및 경도에서 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았으므로 강력분의 일부를 대체한 쌀빵 가공을 위해서는 난소화성 다당류 함량이 높은 고아미2호보다는 일반 쌀 품종인 추청벼가 적합하였다.

• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2017

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) is an important cereal crop in eastern Africa and southern India with excellent grain storage capacity and the unique ability to thrive in extreme environmental conditions. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of finger millet using 12 developed microsatellites. By sequencing 815 clones from an SSR-enriched genomic DNA library, we obtained 12 polymorphic SSR markers, which also revealed successful amplicons in finger millet accessions. Using the developed SSR markers, we estimated genetic diversity and population structure among 76 finger millet accessions in Asia, Africa, and unknown origins. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 9, with an average of 3.3 alleles. The mean values of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were 0.27 and 0.35, respectively. The average polymorphism information content was 0.301 in all 76 finger millet accessions. AMOVA analysis showed that the percentage of molecular variance among the populations was 1%, that among individuals was 5%, and that within individuals was 94%. In STRUCTURE analysis, the 76 finger millet accessions were divided into two subpopulations which had an admixture of alleles. There was a correspondence among PCoA, AMOVA, and population structure. This study may form the basis for a finger millet breeding and improvement program.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.320-330
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the harvesting performance of a prototype small combine for buckwheat and adlay. Methods: The prototype small combine was designed and constructed. Its ratio of grain loss, ratio of output components in the grain outlet, and field capacity for harvesting buckwheat and adlay were analyzed through field tests. Results: The prototype small combine required a working width of about 0.6 to 0.7 m to harvest buckwheat. The maximum travel speed was about 0.36 m/. The total ratio of grain loss was about 21.6%, which consisted of 8.8% at the header and 12.8% at the dust outlet. The grain and the material other than grain (MOG) ratios at the grain outlet were 94.1% and 5.9% respectively. In the case of adlay harvest, the maximum working width was about 1.2 m, that is, two rows. The range of maximum travel speed was about 0.45 to 0.46 m/s. When adlay was harvested in one row, the total ratio of grain loss ranged from 36.3 to 42.8% according to the cutting height. The cutting height of 30 cm resulted in a higher total ratio of grain loss than 60 cm and 90 cm. When the cutting height was 60 cm, there was no significant change in the total ratio of grain loss according to the number of working rows and the stage of the primary transmission shift. The total ratio of grain loss ranged from 35.2 to 37.7%. The grain and the MOG ratios at the grain outlet ranged from 93.1 to 95.8% and from 4.2 to 6.9%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in relation to cutting height, number of working rows, and the stage of the primary transmission shift. Conclusions: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops showed good potential for the efficient harvesting of buckwheat and adlay. However, to improve the harvesting performance, there seems to be a need to develop new crop varieties suitable for machine-based harvesting and improve the transmissions, reels, separation/cleaning systems.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.191-197
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• 2021

Ensuring the economic security of agro-industrial complexes of Ukrainian regions has become a top-priority task of state regional policy, as their stable functioning is an essential element of economic security of the whole country. It is overcoming threats to the development of the agro-industrial complex that ensures its further effective functioning and has a significant impact on the economic security of our state. Methods: logical method; methods of system analysis; synthesis; economic and statistical method; method of expert assessment; SWOT analysis; economic and mathematical modelling and planning. Results. Characteristic features of economic security have been given. The essence and significance of the agro-industrial complex in improving the economic security of the state have been determined. It has been noted that in recent years, the agro-industrial complex, which acts as a driver of the domestic economy and has a direct impact on the development of the country, has been growing (in 2019 the cereal and legume harvest exceeded 75 million tons, 20,269 thousand tons of potatoes were dug, more than 15 million tons of sunflower, 9,688 thousand tons of vegetables and 2,119 thousand tons of fruits and berries were harvested, meat and egg production increased by 137.5 thousand tons (or 5.8%) and 545.5 million pieces (or 3.4%), respectively, the number of employed population in agriculture increased by 139.8 thousand people (or 4.9%), the labour productivity in crop production increased by UAH 294.4 thousand (or 44.6%), in livestock production - by UAH 311.3 thousand (or 61.8%)). Based on the system of production and economic indicators, the analysis of the state of the agro-industrial complex has been carried out. Taking into account the results of the obtained data and using SWOT-analysis, the major threats to the development of the agro-industrial complex have been identified. Ways of overcoming threats enhancing the economic security of Ukraine have been proposed.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.2-15
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• 1982

식량생산(食糧生産) 위주(爲主)로 1996년(年)까지의 국내화학비료(질소(窒素), 인산(燐酸), 가리(加里))수요(需要)를 추정(推定)하였다. 1982년(年)과 1986년도(年度)의 수용(需要)는 정부(政府)에서 수립(樹立)한 경제개발(經濟開發) 5차(五次) 5개년(五個年) 계획상(計劃上)의 생산량(生産量)과 면적(面積)에 준(準)하여 추정(推定)하였고, 1991년(年)과 1996년도(年度)의 수요(需要)는 직접식량(直接食糧)으로서의 곡물소비가 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하고 육류소비(肉類消費)가 증가(增加)되어서 우리의 소비성향(消費性向)이 선진국(先進國)의 그것에 접근(接近)하여 지리라고 생각하여, 대두(大豆)와 옥수수등(等) 사료용(飼料用) 곡물(?物)의 재배면적(栽培面積)과 초지면적(草地面積) 확대(?大)될 것으로 본 추정(推定)이다. 1. 1982, 1986, 1991, 1996년도(年度)의 년도별(年度別) 질소(窒素), 인산(燐酸) 및 가리(加里)의 수요합계(需要合計)는 각각(各各) 105만(万), 111만(万), 128만(万), 및 191만(万)M/T이다. 2. 농지(農地)를 최대한(最大限)으로 확대(?大)하고 비료(肥料)의 수요공급(需要供給)을 크게 증대(增大)하는 것으로 본 1996년도(年度)에도 곡물(?物)의 자급(自給)은 어려운 실정(?情)이다. 3. 농토(農土)를 개량(改良)하고 지력배양(地力培養)을 한다면 단위면적당(?位面積?) 수량(收量)을 증가(增加)시킬 가능성(可能性)은 뚜렷하며 이 가능성(可能性)이 뚜렷하며 이 가능성(可能性)이 실현(?現)될 때 우리나라의 식량자급(食糧自給)은 성취(成就)될 수 있다. 이 성취(成就)는 비료(肥料)의 수요(需要)를 크게 증가(增加)시켜 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서의 추정량(推定量)을 초과(超過)할 수도 있을 것이다. 4. 최근(最近) 수개년간(?個年間)의 국내(?內) 비료소비량(肥料消費量)이 85만(万)M/T내외(內外)로 크게 감소(減少)된 것은 작물별(作物別) 적정(適正) 시비(施肥)가 되지 못했기 때문으로 볼 수 있으며, 농산물(農産物)의 가격(?格) 보장(保障)과 아울러 적절(適切)한 시비(施肥)가 요망(要望)된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.789-798
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• 2013

In the present study, optimization on ${\beta}$-glucanase-assisted extraction was made in order to isolate waxy barley starch from domestic cultivar using the D-optimal design suitable for response surface methodology (RSM). The results demonstrated that the amount of enzyme was found to be a major influencing factor on the extraction yield, which was substantially increased by increasing the amount of enzyme. It was also influenced by the reaction time and amount of water addition; however, the two factors were less influential than the amount of enzyme. The optimized condition by RSM for the reaction time was found to be 2.63 hours and amount of enzyme 1.7%, and amount of water addition 4.38 times the weight of raw material. With the enzyme treatment, the starch content in residues (R), particularly in R1 and R5, was reduced considerably, resulting in an increase in the extraction yield and therefore primarily and effectively releasing B-type starch small granule confirmed by scanning electronic microscopy. In addition, the study determined the physicochemical properties of isolated waxy starch (i.e., purity, water adsorption capacity, thermal properties, rheology and starch morphology) and compared them with those from the enzyme-not treated sample. It was found that they were almost similar to each other, except for the purity of starch, which was lower in the enzyme-treated sample than in the enzyme-not treated one.