• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.89-99
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• 2002

The multifamily housing has various advantages in construction cost, land-use intensity. KRIHS(1997) recommended the proper scale of th multifamily housing as 800 households in constructability, 1,000 households in facility compactability, 500 households in social aspect. At the early planning stage of project, the size of the multiftmily housing has, until now, been maximizingly considered under the regulation on which has been emphasized at the building volume ratio, land area, etc., except for the expenditure during the maintenance stage. This paper aimed at providing the proper size of multifamily housing in aspect of area and household number with maintenance cost at the early stage of project. For these, it took 곧 average cost function which is made from the 3-rd quardratic form and analyzes the unit increasing rate of the average cost. It surveyed in nationwide focused on the central heating system using diesel and kerosene. The number of samples is 88 and items of management cost is 11. The results are as follows ; first, 3rd-order quadratic function is proper at explaining the cost variation, considering the multicollinearity and statistics. Second, the proper size of multifamily housing is recommended with 83,000 $m^2$ on management area, 820 or over the 2,630 household number in aspect of total management cost.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1990

This Study shows the effect of the district heating on the $SO_2$ concentration reduction. In order to analyze the effect of the district heating, three alternatives were set up as follows; Alternative I represented present central heating system, and Alternative II and Alternative III represented district heating system of which the scale were different from. The concludions of this study are as follows; In case of the Alternative II and III, annual average $SO_2$ concentration are reduced by 9.0% and 14.6% respectively, and winter season $SO_2$ concentrations are reduced by 12.2% and 15.8% respectively, at the highest points. The average reduction rates of $SO_2$ concentration in the district heating area are about the same as the reduction rates at the highest points. Also, it was found that using the district heating system, the ground level $SO_2$ concentrations could be reduced within the area of 5 to 10 km radius.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.214-220
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• 2011

This paper studies about the assessment of thermal performance between wet ondol system and electric ondol system. Electrical ondol systems shows faster warm-up time, higher floor surface temperature distribution and lower power consumption than wet ondol system. However, if we provide heat regularly wet ondol system which has more heat capacity shows greater thermal storage than electric ondol system. Therefore, we could conclude that wet ondol system which keeps temperature regularly by the thermal storage show better energy-efficiency in case of using the central heating and district heating system. However, Electrical ondol system shows better efficiency in case of using the space during short time or individual heating systems which needs to heat quickly. The Experiment says that electric ondol system has more benefits on timing to reach the set temperature and energy-efficiency than wet ondol system.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.1497-1502
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• 2009

The present study has been conducted economic analysis of heat storage type ground source heat pump system(HSGSHP) and normal ground source heat pump (GSHP) and central boiler system with individual air conditioning facility which are installed at the same building in the shared an apartment house. Cost items, such as initial construction cost, annual energy cost and maintenance cost of each system are considered to analyze life cycle cost (LCC) and simple payback period (SPP) with initial cost different are compared. The initial cost is a rule to the Government basic unit cost of production. LCC applied present value method is used to assess economical profit of both of them. Variables used to LCC analysis are prices escalation rate and interest rate mean values of during latest 10 years. The LCC result shows that HSGSHP (1,351,000,000won) is more profitable than central boiler system with individual air conditioning facility by 86.7% initial cost. And SPP appeared 8.0 year overcome the different initial cost by different annual energy cost.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.627-636
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop the new korean district heating system for apartment houses. The upper & lower side ondol system with multi sensing control system was developed as a new korean district heating system and evaluated in 2 mock-up laboratories last winter. As a result of field measurement, when the load differences between perimeter zone and central zone are increased, the ondol system divided in the upper and lower side can be evaluated as the new ondol system with a capability for suppling proper heating energy for each zone. The user can have the freedom for changing an upper zone and a lower zone and controlling each temperature according to their needs.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.206-210
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• 2012

Ground source heat pump is a central heating and cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. Building Integrated Geothermal system used in this experiment is one of the Ground Source Heat Pump Systems which utilize energy pile. The purpose of this study is to evaluate heating performance of the system. The building is a low-energy experiment apartment in Yonsei University Songdo Campus and the subject is one of the energy reduced houses in this apartment. In the experiment, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature and the inlet and outlet temperature of ground heat exchanger and subject model, were measured. Then the heat pump's Coefficient of performance(COP) of the heat pump was calculated. As a result, the COP of heat pump is 4-5. Although the depth of the ground heat exchanger in this experiment is shallower than usual heat exchanger, the result of heating performance of this system was good as well.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 2000

Recently, the space organization of Korean-Chinese houses is different from that of other territories. The vast land of China, coming from different hometown in Korean peninsula, and the different hometown in Korean peninsula, and the different procedure of settlement seem to make the different space organization of Chinese-Korean single family housing at the urban area in Liaoning Province.The characteristics of the Korean-Chinese space organization of single family housing at the urban area in Liaoning Province are as follows;i)Three types of space organization are central kitchen type, central corridors types, and central living room type. ii)The central kitchen type is mainly in old urban housing, after 1980's, the central corridor type appears in single family housing, and central living room type appears 1990's.iii) It seems that the main reason to change the space organization are fuel, system of heating, influence of Korea housing. Especially, Korean-Chinese like central living room type that is suitable for sit down living style. This central living room type supposes to be used as popular space organization in urban housing.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

This study compared the feasibility of utilizing a wood bioenergy system over a conventional central heating and cooling system and a cogeneration system in an apartment complex. The performance of the three systems were compared in the following areas: energy consumption, environmental impact(output of CO2, CH4, and N2O), and life cycle cost. The results showed that energy performance of the wood bioenergy system was similar to the conventional central system (just a 1% improvement) but the cogeneration system showed a 12% reduction in energy consumption compared to the conventional system. In terms of environmental impact, the bioenergy system reduced pollutants by 50% while the cogeneration system reduced pollutants by 30% compared to the conventional system. Life cycle cost analysis indicated bioenergy and cogeneration to have an 8% and 19% improvement over the conventional system. The findings of the study suggest that it is both economically and environmentally beneficial to use a wood bioenergy system in place of a conventional central heating and cooling system in apartment complexes.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.115-127
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• 1997

A GDHS(Geothermal District Heating System) is a heating system supplying a group of districts with heat extracted from geothermal sources. The advantages of GDHS include saving fuel consumption as well as reducing air pollution. This paper presents a case study for the economic feasibility model and analysis of a GDHS with which central/individual heating systems are replaced. Configuring to a simplified GDHS which consisits of subsurface systems, surface systems, and transmission/distribution systems, we find out the properties of the system and the model parameters affecting the initial investment/operating costs in order to develop a classical economic feasibility model given geothermal temperature. Based on our model parameter space, we analyzed the geothermal development project of the Jejoo Island probabilistically given prior information such as the expected geothermal power, the demand size and the length of transmission/distribution pipes.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2003

Considering the present development situation of rental apartment since 1982, the supply of rental housing for low-income dwellers has contributed a amount of quantities, but has been deficient qualities in housing policy. To propose the device of remodeling for low-income dwellers in deteriorated apartment, this study investigated the characteristics of maintenance cost and the residents'consciousness of remodeling by rental apartment types. The results of this study were as follows; The annual maintenance cost of permanent rental apartment was 14,249 won/$\textrm{m}^2$$.$yr, that of fifty years period rental apartment was 13,372 won/$\textrm{m}^2$$.$yr. In the case of remodeling in deteriorated heating system, the principal decision factor of choice was showed “economics” as priority. Residents in rental apartment preferred remodeling to reconstruction, and unit heating system to central heating system.