• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evlauate the microleakage of 3 dentin bonding agents using different dentin pretreatment method under simulated physilogic pressure in cementing the porcelain laminate veneer. Noncarious 60 human maxillary molars were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 each. The group with the margin placed on the enamel was classified as the control and the groups with the margin placed on root surface were subdivided into 3 groups according to the dentin bonding agents used. The group using All Bond 2 was classified as experimental group 1, the group using Scotchbond MP was classified as experimental group 2, and the group using Gluma was classified as experimental group 3. Roots were removed at 3mm below the cementoenamel junction, and reductions of the teeth for the porcelain laminate veneer were done on the mesial 1/2 of the buccal surface of each teeth. The pulp was extirpated and the pulp chamber was cleaned with 37% phosphoric acid for the patency of dentinal tubule. Under simulated physiologic pressure, porcelain laminate veneers were cemented to the teeth using each dentin bonding agent and luting cement. After cementation, all samples were stored at 36t in water for 24 hours and thermocycled for 1500 cycles, then immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution and the teeth were sectioned longitudinally by using diamond saw and the extent of microleakage was measured. The following results were obtained, 1. Microleakage was observed in a few samples of control group but all the samples of experimental groups. 2. The control group showed the less extent of microleakage than the experimental groups. In experimental groups the experimental group 1 & the experimental group 2 showed similiar extent of microleakage and the experimental group 3 showed the greater extent of microleakage than other groups. Conclusively, practicing the porcelain laminate veneers in the clinic, although the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer should be placed on enamel, in the case that it is inevitable to place the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer on the root surface, it is recommened to use dentin bonding agents which use no dentin pretreatment or a dentin pretreatment which can leave the smear plugs.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2015

소아치과 임상에서 기성금속관 수복은 매우 높은 활용성과 사용빈도에도 불구하고 완벽하고 정밀한 수복이 쉽지 않은 항목으로 판단된다. 불량한 변연 적합, 변연부 치태 침착, 인접 영구치의 맹출 장애, 접착제 소실 및 이차 우식, 부적절한 지대치 삭제, 교합면 천공 등이 임상적으로 흔히 관찰되는 문제점들이다. 본 연구는 기성금속관이 장착된 상태로 발치된 유구치를 대상으로 수복 상태를 평가해 봄으로써, 빈번한 결함과 착오들을 찾아낼 목적으로 시도되었다. 부산대학교 치과병원 소아치과에서 발치된 기성금속관 수복 유구치 97개를 대상으로 육안적 평가와 micro-computed tomography(micro-CT) 영상을 분석하였다. 변연 적합도, 접착제 소실, 이차우식, 교모성 천공, 변연부 연마 결함, 선반(ledge) 형성 등의 항목으로 수복상태를 평가하여, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 조사항목들을 대상치아 기준으로 보았을 때, 접착제 소실이 가장 빈번하였으며(98%), 뒤를 이어 이차우식(42.3%), 변연부 연마 결함(41.2%), 선반(ledge) 형성(29.9%), 교모성 천공(17.5%)의 순으로 나타났다. 변연 간격이 클수록 접착제 소실이 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 접착재 소실은 변연 간격 및 이차 우식과 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 평균 변연간격은 $0.31{\pm}0.26mm$ 였으며, 상악 제2 유구치에서 가장 크게 나타났다. 변연이 백악법랑경계 상방에 위치하는 경우가 가장 많았고, 변연이 치관 상방에 위치할수록 변연 간격은 작게 나타났다(p < 0.05).

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2017

목적: 본 연구 목적은 이상적인 임플란트 근원심적 식립 위치 결정에 필요한 정보를 제공하기 위해서 콘빔형 전산화단층영상(cone-beam CT)을 사용하여 건강한 자연치열에서 백악-법랑 경계부와 치조골 흡수를 가정한 그 하방 2 mm에서 전치, 소구치, 대구치의 치간거리를 평가하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 원광대학교 치과대학병원에서 cone-beam CT를 촬영한 건강한 치열의 200명 환자를 선정하였다. Cone-beam CT 이미지를 DICOM (digital imaging and communication in medicine) 파일로 전환하여, 3차원 영상으로 재구성하였고, cone-beam CT 이미지를 표준화하기 위하여 head reorientation을 시행한 후, 전용 소프트웨어를 이용해 재구성된 파노라마 이미지를 얻었다. 모든 계측은 3명의 치과의사에 의해 최적화된 파노라마 이미지 상에서 시행되었다. 결과: 백악-법랑 경계부에서 상악 평균 치간거리는 전치 1.84 mm, 소구치 2.07 mm, 대구치 2.08 mm 그리고 하악은 전치 1.55 mm, 소구치 2.20 mm, 대구치 2.36 mm였다. 백악-법랑 경계부 하방 2 mm에서 상악 평균 치간거리는 전치 2.19 mm, 소구치 2.51 mm, 대구치 2.60 mm 그리고 하악은 전치 1.86 mm, 소구치 2.53 mm, 대구치 3.01 mm였다. 결론: 자연치열에서 치간거리는 전치부보다는 구치부에서 더 컸으며, 백악-법랑 경계부보다 그 하방 2 mm에서 더 크게 나타났다. 전 치열에서 가장 좁은 곳은 하악 전치, 가장 넓은 곳은 하악 대구치였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.4.1-4.10
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• 2019

Background: The mandibular third molar (M3) is typically the last permanent tooth to erupt because of insufficient space and thick soft tissues covering its surface. Problems such as alveolar bone loss, development of a periodontal pocket, exposure of cementum, gingival recession, and dental caries can be found in the adjacent second molars (M2) following M3 extraction. The specific aims of the study were to assess the amount and rate of bone regeneration on the distal surface of M2 and to evaluate the aspects of bone regeneration in terms of varying degree of impaction. Methods: Four series of panoramic radiographic images were obtained from the selected cases, including images from the first visit, immediately after extraction, 6 weeks, and 6 months after extraction. ImageJ software^® (NIH, USA) was used to measure linear distance from the region of interest to the distal root of the adjacent M2. Radiographic infrabony defect (RID) values were calculated from the measured radiographic bone height and cementoenamel junction with distortion compensation. Repeated measures of analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to analyze the statistical significant difference between RID and time, and a Spearman correlation test was conducted to assess the relationship between Pederson's difficulty index (DI) and RID. Results: A large RID (> 6 mm) can be reduced gradually and consistently over time. More than half of the samples recovered nearly to their normal healthy condition (RID ≤ 3 mm) by the 6-month follow-up. DI affected the first 6 weeks of post-extraction period and only showed a significant positive correlation with respect to the difference between baseline and final RID. Conclusions: Additional treatments on M2 for a minimum of 6 months after an M3 extraction could be recommended. Although DI may affect bone regeneration during the early healing period, further study is required to elucidate any possible factors associated with the healing process. The DI does not cause any long-term adverse effects on bone regeneration after surgical extraction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.641-654
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• 1994

This study was executed to evaluate adaptability of dentin bonding agents to dentinal wall with measuring contraction gap on interface between cavity wall and composite resin by SEM study. 6 kinds of dentin bonding agents were investigated for this study : Gluma, Super Bond C & B, All bond 2, Scotchbond multipurpose, Scotchbond 2 and Clearfil photo bond. 30 of fresh extracted teeth were randomly selected and divided into 6 groups with each 5. The round shaped cavities with 3mm dia. and 1.5mm depth were prepared on cementoenamel junction of buccal surface of teeth. Dentin bonding agents were applied to cavity wall and then the composite resin was filled in the cavity. Specimens were sectioned longitudinally on buccal surface. Sectioned aspects of specimens were impressioned with rubber base materials and finally precise replica were made of epoxy resin poured in negative impression. Contraction gaps were examined on interface between cavity wall and composite resin under condition of 200 and 2000 magnification of SEM. The results were as follows. 1. There were no gap on interface between enamel and composite resin in all specimens, but gaps were mainly exhibited on apical side of lateral wall of dentin of cavity. 2. In Gluma, 2 cases of 5 specimens exhibited excellent adaptation to the cavity wall, indicating no gaps on interface between cavity wall and composite resin. The other specimens showed gaps with range of $0{\sim}15{\mu}m$ width. 3. In Super Bond C & B, gaps with range of $0{\sim}10{\mu}m$ width were mainly exhibited on apical side of lateral wall of dentin of cavity. 4. In All bond 2, all specimens showed the most exellent adaptation to cavity wall when compared to the other materials, indicating no gap interface between cavity wall and composite resin. 5. In Scotchbond multipurpose, gaps with range of $0{\sim}10{\mu}m$ width were locally located on cavity wall. 6. In Scotchbond 2, all specimens showed great amount of gap with range of $5{\sim}25{\mu}m$, indicating the worst adaptation to cavity wall compared to the other materials. 7. In Clearfil photo bond, 2 case of 5 specimens exhibited exellent adaptation to cavity wall, indicating no gap. the other specimens showed gap with range of $0{\sim}15{\mu}m$ width on inferface between cavity wall and composite resin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 미성숙 우치를 가타퍼챠 및 다양한 포스트와 코아 시스템을 이용하여 수복한 후 술식에 따른 파절 강도를 측정하였다. 우치의 백악상아경계 상방 8 mm, 하방 12 mm 지점을 절단하여 제작한 미성숙 우치 모델에서 가타퍼챠와 이원중합형 복합레진 LuxaCore로 코어 수복을 시행하거나, 각각 D.T. LIGHT-POST, ParaPost XT 및 다양한 크기의 EverStick Post와 LuxaCore로 수복하였다. 이후 시편을 72시간 동안 증류수에 저장한 후 6,000회의 thermocycling을 진행하였다. 실험적으로 치주인대의 물성을 재현하고, Instron에 시편을 45도로 위치시켜 압축부하를 가해 파절 강도를 측정하고, 파절 부위를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 포스트를 이용하여 수복하였을 때 파절 강도가 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였고(p < 0.05), 포스트의 종류 및 적합도는 결과에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 대부분의 시편에서 수복 가능한 파절이 나타났으며, 실험군에 따른 파절 부위의 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 미성숙 치아의 상기 치근 강화 술식은 치아의 파절 강도를 증가시키고, 포스트의 종류 및 적합도는 파절 저항성에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.535-543
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of two fiber post systems and one metal cast post system on the fracture strength and fracture pattern of crowned, endodontically treated teeth with 2 mm-height of the reamining tooth structure. Materials and methods: A total of 36 recently extracted sound human mandibular premolars were selected Each tooth structure of the crown portion except 2mm-height of the one above the cementoenamel junction was removed. After being endodontically treated, they were randomly distributed into 3 groups: group 1, restored with quarts fiber post(D.T. Light-Post), group 2, with glass fiber post(FRC Postec), and group 3, metal cast post and core. All teeth were fully covered with nonprecious metal crowns. Each specimen was embedded in an acrylic resin block and then secured in a universal load-testing machine. A compressive load was applied at a 130 degree angle to the long axis of the tooth until fractured, at a crosshead speed 20mm/min. The highest fracture loads were measured and recorded as the fracture strength of each specimen. Fracture areas were measured on the mid-buccal and mid-lingual point from the crown margins. One-way analysis of variance and Turkey test were used to determine the statistic significance of the different fracture loads and areas among the groups (p<0.05). Results: The mean fracture loads were $1391{\pm}$425N(group 1), $1458{\pm}476N$(group 2) and $1301{\pm}319N$(group 3). The fracture loads among the three groups had no statistically signifiant difference (p>.05). The mean fracture area of the fiber post was closer to the crown margin than that of the metal cast post and core(p<.05). The metal cast post showed unrestorable and catastrophic fracture patterns. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, fracture loads with any statistically significant difference were not recorded for endodontically treated teeth restored with two fiber posts and the metal cast post. But teeth restored with the fiber posts typically showed the fracture pattern close to the crown margin, which was almost restorable.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.656-669
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• 1998

Hydrogen peroxide at high concentration during walking bleaching may cause damage to the tooth structure and to the surrounding periodontal tissues and may develop external root resorption. Clinically, It is so important to find a method of prevention or minimization of these complications. The efficacy of various chamber-irrigating agents to eliminate residual hydrogen peroxide after walking bleaching was examined and compared with water rinse in this study. Extracted human 46 premolars without any cementoenamel junction defects were treated endodontically and based with IRM to 1 mm below CEJ and totally bleached 3 times for each tooth with 30% hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate. Upon completion of the 3rd walking bleaching procedure, the cervical portion and pulp chamber of each group of teeth were irrigated with catalase, 70% ethylalcohol, acetone, and distilled water. And then, a radicular hydrogen peroxide penetration was measured with spectrophotometer immediately after each bleaching and following treatment with each chamber-irrigating agents, and the significance of their eliminating efficacy of residual hydrogen peroxide was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. The results were obtained as follows. 1. Cervical root penetration of hydrogen peroxide was increased as the bleaching procedure was repeated(P<.01). 2. The most effective irrigant that removed residual hydrogen peroxide was the catalase, and the least effective one was water rinsing (P<.01).; there was no significant difference between the acetone and ethanol group. 3. The Irrigation with antioxidant enzyme or water-displacement solutions can eliminate residual oxygen radicals from the pulp chamber effectively after walking bleaching. So, these agents can reduce adverse effects such as cervical external resorption and periapical inflammation and prevent residual $O_2$ from impeding composite resin polymerization, thus increase the bonding strength of composite resin. This, in turn reduces microleakage and discoloration of the esthetic restoration, extending its service-life.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.111-131
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• 1997

Eighty two of extracted bovine mandibular incisors were sectioned transversely through the cementoenamel junction(CEJ) and instrumented to a size minimum-# 110 file at the working length by 5.25 % NaOCl irrigation. The roots in group 1 were received a final irrigation with 10ml of 17% EDTA followed by 10ml of 5.25% NaOCl, group 2, 10ml of 40% citric acid followed by 10ml of 5.25% NaOCl, group 3, 20ml of 5.25% NaOCl, and control group, 20ml distilled water. Canal walls of four roots in each group and control group were examined by SEM(x3000). Calcium hydroxide was placed into all experimental roots except control group. Each root was placed in nalgen bottle containing unbuffered distilled water. The pH level of the medium surrounding tooth was recorded at 0, one hour, and daily for 1week, then 14days, 21days, and 28days using pH electrode. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21days, and 28days, four roots from each group were split longitudinally and the ratio change was recorded using spectroiluorometer. The results were followings : 1. The smear layer was totally removed from canal walls in group 1 and 2, but was observed in group 3 and control group. 2. The hydroxyl ion diffused more rapidly through radicular dentin when smear layer was removed from canal walls. 3. The hydroxyl ion derived from calcium hydroxide began to diffuse from the root canal to the exterior surface of the root at 1day, and continued to 1-2weeks. 4. The pH level of dentin near the CEJ was not different in all experimental group regardless of presence of smear layer. It is clinically advisable to place calcium hydroxide into root canal for 1-2weeks for the purpose of expectation of diffusion of hydroxyl ion. But, after the placement of calcium hydroxide into root canal, the consequent pH level of external root surface will be futher studied with respect to it's effect on the root and periodontium.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.61-78
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• 1997

PDGF-BB has been recognized as a highly potential growth factor for guided tissue regeneration in periodontal defect. This study carried out histologic and histometric evaluation of $200ng/cm^2$ PDGF-BB loaded bioresorbable membrane made from polyglycolic and polylactic acid. It was tested for its biocompatibility, ability to prevent epithelial downgrowth and amount of periodontal regeneration. Without membrane and PDGF-BB unloaded bioresorbable membrane were used as control. Healthy six beagle dogs were used. Each dog was anesthetized and buccal flaps were reflected in the mandibular and maxillary premolar areas. Buccal alveolar bone between the mesiobuccal and distobuccal line angles was surgically removed on the lower 2nd and 4th premolar in mandible, 2nd premolar in maxilla, to a level 4mm apical to the cementoenamel junction with creating a Class II buccal furcation defect for available space. Care was taken not to remove the root cementum layer and rubber impression materials were placed over each surgically created defect. Flaps were repositioned and sutured. Reconstructive surgery was performed 1 month after defect preparation. PDGF-BB loaded membranes and controls were randomly placed on maxillary 2nd premolars and mandibular 2nd and 4th premolars. Plaque control regimen was instituted with daily brushing with a 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate during experimental periods. The animals were sacrificed 2 and 5 weeks after surgery and undecalcified specimens were prepared for histologic evaluation. The degree of coronal regrowth of new bone, new cementum and the amonut of new bone areas formed on the defected area of the PDGF-BB loaded membrnae turned superior to without membrane and drug unloaded membrane. Experimental membrane could prevent the epithelial downgrowth irrespective of drug loaded or not and showed good biocompatiblity, These results implicated that PDGF-BB loaded bioresorbable membrane could be highly useful tool for guided tissue regeneration of periodontal defects.