• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.869-885
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• 2000

Fibroblasts are major cellular components of gingiva and periodontal ligament. They regulate the healing process after surgery or injury. Recently, many natural medicines, whose advantages are less side effects and possibility of long-term use, have been studied for their capacity, their anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative potential of periodontal tissues. Sophorae radix have been traditionally used as an anti-bacterial and antiinflammatory drug in oriental medicine. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of Sophorae radix extract on cell cycle progression and its molecular mechanism in human gingival fibroblasts. Sophorae radix extracts($100{\mu}g/ml$) notably increased cell proliferation and cell activity in the human gingival fibroblasts as compared to non-supplemented controls. There was an increase in the S phase and a decrease in the G1 phase in $100{\mu}g/ml$ of Sophorae radix extracts group as compared to non-supplemented controls. The level of cyclin E and cdk 2 protein in test group was higher than that of control groups. But that of cyclin D, cdk 4, and cdk 6 was not distinguished from controls. The level of p53 protein in test group was lower than that of controls, whereas that of p21 was not different. The level of pRB protein in test group was higher than that of controls, whereas that of p16 was lower. These results indicate that the increase of cell proliferation by Sophorae radix extracts may be due to the increased expression of cyclin E and cdk 2, and the decreased expression of p53 and p16 in human gingival fibroblasts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2018

Background: Bioactive compounds in plant extracts are able to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles through the process of green synthesis. Panax ginseng is an oriental medicinal herb and an adaptogen which has been historically used to cure various diseases. In addition, the P. ginseng leaves-mediated gold nanoparticles are the value-added novel materials. Its potential as a cosmetic ingredient is still unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, moisture retention and whitening properties of gold nanoparticles (PgAuNPs) in cosmetic applications. Methods: Cell-free experiments were performed to evaluate PgAuNP's antioxidant and moisture retention properties and inhibition activity on mushroom tyrosinase. Furthermore, in vitro cell cytotoxicity was evaluated using normal human dermal fibroblast and murine B16BL6 melanoma cells (B16) after treatment with increasing concentrations of PgAuNPs for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Finally, in vitro cell assays on B16 cells were performed to evaluate the whitening effect of PgAuNPs through reduction of cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity. Results: In vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay results revealed that PgAuNPs exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. PgAuNPs exhibited moisture retention capacity and effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase. In addition, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide results revealed that PgAuNPs were not toxic to human dermal fibroblast and B16 cells; in addition, they significantly reduced melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and mRNA expression of melanogenesis-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase in B16 cells. Conclusion: Our study is the first report to provide evidence supporting that P. ginseng leaves-capped gold nanoparticles could be used as multifunctional ingredients in cosmetics.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 춘천 지역에서 재배되고 있는 메밀의 부위별(종피, 종자, 줄기) 추출물을 이용하여 MTT assay 항산화 효능(수퍼옥사이드 라디칼, 하이드록실 라디칼 소거능), rutin과 phytic acid에 대한 함량 측정, 대표적인 중금속 중의 하나인 카드뮴에 대한 세포 수준에서 방어 효능을 평가하였고, 이들 자료를 토대로 주된 식품재료로 쓰이고 있는 메밀을 기능성 화장품의 소재로써 개발할 수 있는 가능성을 조사하여 보았다. HaCaT 세포와 B16F10 세포를 이용한 세포 독성 실험에서는 각 추출물 $100 {\mu}g/mL$의 농도 범위에서는 독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 수퍼옥사이드 라디칼에 대한 소거능은 종피>줄기>종자 추출물 순이었으며, 종피나 줄기는 거의 비슷한 수준의 효능을 보여 주었으며, 항산화 효능에 관여하는 주요 물질중의 하나인 rutin은 줄기 부위에 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. 하이드록실 라디칼에 대한 소거능은 각 추출물 모두 거의 없는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 중금속에 대한 chelate 물질로 알려진 phytic acid는 rutin처럼 줄기 부위에 높은 농도로 함유되어 있었다. 카드뮴에 대한 독성은 HaCaT 세포에서 $50{\mu}M$의 농도일 때 $50\%$ 정도의 치사율을 보였으며, 카드뮴을 추출물과 같이 처리하였을 때는 카드뮴의 독성에 대해 약 $10\%$ 정도 방어 효과를 나타냈다. Confocal laser scanning microscope를 이용하여 카드뮴에 의한 세포내 활성산소종의 생성을 확인하였고. 생성된 활성 산소 종에 대한 방어 효능은 줄기추출물에서 가장 우수한 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제35권6A호
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• pp.555-567
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• 2010

릴레이를 이용한 다중 홉 시스템은 기존의 단일 홉 시스템과 달리 주어진 전체 리소스 영역의 일부를 릴레이 통신에 할당하게 되어 효율적인 자원할당 알고리즘을 도입하지 않으면, 실제 사용이 가능한 리소스의 손실을 초래하게 된다. 또한, 릴레이 기반 셀룰러 시스템에서 생기는 인접 셀 간섭으로 인해 기지국과 단말기 또는 릴레이와 단말기 사이의 높은 링크 성능을 보장하지 못하는 경우가 발생해 리소스 효율이 급격히 떨어질 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long Term Evolution)-Advanced 시스템의 하향링크 릴레이 협력 네트워크에서의 효율적인 자원할당 기법을 제안한다. 릴레이 협력 네트워크에서 각각의 통신 링크마다 고정 리소스 영역을 갖는 기존의 기법과는 달리, 제안된 자원할당 알고리즘은 각 통신 링크 간의 채널 상태 및 전송 가능 용량 등을 고려하여 각 리소스 블록 단위 별로 적응적으로 자원을 할당하는 기법이다. 또한 셀 또는 단말의 추가적인 전송률 증대를 위해 특정 통신 링크가 할당된 리소스 영역에 다른 통신 링크의 리소스를 중복하여 자원을 재사용하는 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 리소스 중복 할당 방식은 리소스 중복으로 인한 추가적인 간섭을 미리 고려하여 동적으로 자원을 할당하는 방식으로 단말기에서 간섭 제거 등의 추가적인 절차가 불필요하다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2015

In the interaction between plants and pathogens, carbon (C) resources provide energy and C skeletons to maintain, among many functions, the plant immune system. However, variations in C availability on pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) have not been systematically examined. Here, three types of starch mutants with enhanced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrcC were examined for PTI. In a dark period-dependent manner, the mutants showed compromised induction of a PTI marker, and callose accumulation in response to the bacterial PAMP flagellin, flg22. In combination with weakened PTI responses in wild type by inhibition of the TCA cycle, the experiments determined the necessity of C-derived energy in establishing PTI. Global gene expression analyses identified flg22 responsive genes displaying C supply-dependent patterns. Nutrient recycling-related genes were regulated similarly by C-limitation and flg22, indicating re-arrangements of expression programs to redirect resources that establish or strengthen PTI. Ethylene and NAC transcription factors appear to play roles in these processes. Under C-limitation, PTI appears compromised based on suppression of genes required for continued biosynthetic capacity and defenses through flg22. Our results provide a foundation for the intuitive perception of the interplay between plant nutrition status and pathogen defense.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.763-772
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• 2019

Periodontitis is characterized by the loss of periodontal tissues, especially alveolar bone. Common therapies cannot satisfactorily recover lost alveolar bone. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) possess the capacity of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation and are likely to recover lost alveolar bone. In addition, periodontitis is accompanied by hypoxia, and hypoxia-inducible $factor-1{\alpha}$ ($HIF-1{\alpha}$) is a master transcription factor in the response to hypoxia. Thus, we aimed to ascertain how hypoxia affects runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), a key osteogenic marker, in the osteogenesis of PDLSCs. In this study, we found that hypoxia enhanced the protein expression of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and RUNX2 ex vivo and in situ. VEGF is a target gene of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, and the increased expression of VEGF and RUNX2 proteins was enhanced by cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$, $100{\mu}mol/L$), an agonist of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, and suppressed by 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1, $10{\mu}mol/L$), an antagonist of $HIF-1{\alpha}$. In addition, VEGF could regulate the expression of RUNX2, as RUNX2 expression was enhanced by human VEGF ($hVEGF_{165}$) and suppressed by VEGF siRNA. In addition, knocking down VEGF could decrease the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, i.e., RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and type I collagen (COL1), and hypoxia could enhance the expression of ALP, COL1, and osteocalcin (OCN) in the early stage of osteogenesis of PDLSCs. Taken together, our results showed that hypoxia could mediate the expression of RUNX2 in PDLSCs via $HIF-1{\alpha}$-induced VEGF and play a positive role in the early stage of osteogenesis of PDLSCs.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.770-779
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• 2021

Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing an anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (mAb), SO57, was obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) was tagged to the C-terminus of the anti-rabies mAb heavy chain to localize the mAb to the ER and enhance its accumulation. When the inaccurately folded proteins accumulated in the ER exceed its storage capacity, it results in stress that can affect plant development and growth. We generated T₁ transformants and obtained homozygous T₃ seeds from transgenic Arabidopsis to investigate the effect of KDEL on plant growth. The germination rate did not significantly differ between plants expressing mAb SO57 without KDEL (SO plant) and mAb SO57 with KDEL (SOK plant). The primary roots of SOK agar media grown plants were slightly shorter than those of SO plants. Transcriptomic analysis showed that expression of all 11 ER stress-related genes were not significantly changed in SOK plants relative to SO plants. SOK plants showed approximately three-fold higher mAb expression levels than those of SO plants. Consequently, the purified mAb amount per unit of SOK plant biomass was approximately three times higher than that of SO plants. A neutralization assay revealed that both plants exhibited efficient rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test values against the rabies virus relative to commercially available human rabies immunoglobulins. KDEL did not upregulate ER stress-related genes; therefore, the enhanced production of the mAb did not affect plant growth. Thus, KDEL fusion is recommended for enhancing mAb production in plant systems.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2019

Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae), a perennial plant, has been used as a low-calorie sweetener and is being developed as a therapeutic agent for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial diseases, and microbial infections. Despite the common use of its leaves and stem, the bioavailability of the components present in S. rebaudiana flowers, when used as ingredients of cosmetics, has not been well investigated. Herein, we investigated the antioxidative and antimelanogenic effects of an aqueous extract of S. rebaudiana flowers (Stevia-F). Total flavonoid and phenolic content in Stevia-F were determined to be $8.64{\pm}0.23mg$ of quercetin equivalents/100 g and $631.5{\pm}2.01mg$ of gallic acid equivalents/100 g, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Stevia-F for reducing power, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging activities were 5541.96, 131.39, 466.34, and $10.44{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Stevia-F showed inhibitory effects on the tyrosinase ($IC_{50}=134.74{\mu}g/mL$) and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase ($IC_{50}=114.81{\mu}g/mL$) activities. No significant cytotoxicity of Stevia-F was observed in B16F10 cells, treated with up to $100{\mu}g/mL$ of the extract for 24 and 48 h (p > 0.05). Stevia-F ($1-100{\mu}g/mL$) suppressed ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced melanin production in B16F10 cells (p < 0.05) and also inhibited the cellular tyrosinase activity (p < 0.05). Overall, our results show that Stevia-F possesses potential for inhibiting tyrosinase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activities and has significant antioxidant capacity. The antimelanogenic potential of Stevia-F should extend the usage of S. rebaudiana flowers in the development of skin-whitening products.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2020

미세조류는 효율적으로 바이오매스를 증가시킬 수 있으며 유용한 생물학적 자원들을 축적할 수 있기 때문에 에너지 및 식품 생산 등 다양한 분야에서 유망한 자원으로써 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 4종의 미세조류(Chlorella vulgaris, Mychonastes homosphaera, Coelastrella sp., Coelastrella vacuolata)를 선정하여 이들의 성장, CO2 동화, CO2 농도에 따른 미세조류의 지질 생성 특성을 분석하였다. 각 미세조류의 크기는 C. vulgaris가 가장 작았으며, M. homosphaera, C. vacuolata, Coelastrella sp. 순으로 큰 크기를 나타냈다. C. vulgaris는 다른 3종의 미세조류와 비교해서 크기가 가장 작으며 성장과 CO2 동화 속도가 가장 빠르게 나타났다. 또한, 초기 바이오매스가 증가함에 따라 CO2 동화 속도는 최대 9.62 mmol·day-1·l-1를 나타냈으며, 다른 3종의 미세조류(약 3 mmol·day-1·l-1)보다 3배 이상 높은 CO2 동화 속도를 보여주었다(p < 0.05). M. homosphaera를 제외하고 3종의 미세조류는 CO2 농도와 CO2 동화 비속도 사이에 양의 상관관계(positive correlation)를 나타냈다. 특히, C. vulgaris는 다른 3종의 미세조류와 비교해 더 높은 CO2 동화 비속도를 보여주었다(14.6 vs. ≤ 11.9 mmol·day-1·l-1). 4종의 미세조류는 CO2 농도가 증가함에 따라 지질 함량이 증가했으며 그 중에서 C. vulgaris는 최대 18 mg·l-1를 나타내 다른 3종의 미세조류(최대 12 mg·l-1)보다 최소 50% 이상 높은 지질 함량을 보여주었다. 4종의 미세조류 중 C. vulgaris가 효율적으로 CO2를 동화하며 다른 미세조류보다 높은 바이오매스와 지질 생산이 가능함을 시사한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2022

There is a paucity of detailed data related to the effect of senescence on the mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox state of senescent human cells. Activities of TCA cycle enzymes, respiratory chain complexes, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anions (SA), lipid peroxides (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), along with levels of nicotinamide cofactors and ATP content were measured in young and senescent human foreskin fibroblasts. Primary and senescent cultures were biochemically identified by monitoring the augmented cellular activities of key glycolytic enzymes including phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylase, and accumulation of H₂O₂, SA, LPO, PCC, and GSSG. Citrate synthase, aconitase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and complex I-III, II-III, and IV activities were significantly diminished in P25 and P35 cells compared to P5 cells. This was accompanied by significant accumulation of mitochondrial H₂O₂, SA, LPO, and PCC, along with increased transcriptional and enzymatic activities of TrxR2, SOD2, GPx1, and GR. Notably, the GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly reduced whereas NAD⁺/NADH and NADP⁺/NADPH ratios were significantly elevated. Metabolic exhaustion was also evident in senescent cells underscored by the severely diminished ATP/ADP ratio. Profound oxidative stress may contribute, at least in part, to senescence pointing at a potential protective role of antioxidants in aging-associated disease.