• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.56-77
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate effects of Boyanghwano-Tang on the development of experimentally-induced endometriosis in rats. Methods: Endometriosis was induced in rats by autotransplanting uterine tissue to the peritoneum and divided them into three groups: (1) sham-operated group(n=8), (2) surgically induced endometriosis and untreated control group (n=8), (3) surgically induced endometriosis and Boyanghwano-Tang treated group. Boyanghwano-Tang was orally administrated for 15 days after operation. Then we measured the body weight, the volume of endometriotic implants, the weight of uterus and ovary, and investigated the concentration of cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) in peritoneal fluids. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry for COX-2 and VEGF, and histochemistry for mast cell in transplanted uterine tissue were performed. Results: - The volume($mm^3$) of endometriotic implants in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group ($122.3{\pm}45.0$) was significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with control group($222.1{\pm}109.1$). - The concentration(pg/$m{\ell}$) of MCP-1 in peritoneal fluids in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group($1026.3{\pm}196.5$) was significantly decreased(p<0.05) compared with control group($1412.5{\pm}345.7$). - The concentration(pg/$m{\ell}$) of TNF-$\alpha$ in peritoneal fluids in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group($936.5{\pm}94.3$) was significantly decreased(p<0.01) compared with control group($1126.2{\pm}139.9$). - The concentration(pg/$m{\ell}$) of IL-$1{\beta}$ in peritoneal fluids in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group($78.5{\pm}13.3$) was significantly decreased(p<0.01) compared with control group($105.3{\pm}17.6$). - The concentration(pg/$m{\ell}$) of IL-6 in peritoneal fluids in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group($107.4{\pm}15.8$) was decreased compared with control group($122.8{\pm}19.3$). - Histopathologically, proliferation of endometriotic epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells and angiogenesis in transplanted uterine tissue of Boyanghwano-Tang treated group were weakly observed than those of control group. - The percentage of positive epithelial layers for COX-2 in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group($51.5{\pm}14.1$) was significantly decreased(p<0.01) compared with control group($75.1{\pm}16.3$). - The VEGF expression of endometriotic epithelia, neovascular endothelia and stromal cells in transplanted uterine tissue of Boyanghwano-Tang treated group were weakly observed than those of control group. - The number of mast cells in adjacent tissue of transplanted uterine tissue in Boyanghwano-Tang treated group($75.9{\pm}13.1$) was decreased compared with control group($91.0{\pm}28.3$). Conclusion: On the basis of these results, we concluded that Boyanghwano-Tang have inhibiting effects on the development of transplanted uterine tissue. And these effects may be related with decreased production of MCP-1, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and decreased expression of COX-2 and VEGF by administration of Boyanghwano-Tang.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.337-350
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• 1989

In this study, we compared patterns of hemolvmph with ovarian proteins during the yolk formation of Gewis paludum by using SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and he dimen-tlonal electrophoresis. In addition, we examined patterns of glycoprotein which were composed of yolk substances. The results were as follows: The protein patterns in ovary of the 5th instar without eggs were similar to those of adult after ovulation. Protein amounts of the ovaw without developing eggs were less than those of the ovaw containing oocvtes or matured eggs at the molecular weights range from 66, 000 to 110.000 daltons. No glvcoproteins were observed in ovaw without eggs. But the glvcoproteins were gradually increased according to development of eggs in the 5th instar. After the ovulated ovaw of adult, no glvcoprotein bands urere occurred as the bands of the ovary without eggs in the 5th instar. Also, amounts of hemolvmph protein between 66, 000 and 110, 000 in molecular weight were increased during yolk formation of the 5th instal. The results suggest that ovarian protein substances may originate from hemolpnph. In the 5th instar, the amounts of glycoprotein of developing eggs was gradually increased in the hemolymph. The band of M.W. 29, 500 was occurred in the hemolpnph of the 5th instar and adult without eggs. This protein mal be precursor of glvcoprotein in the high molecular weight area in the ovary of more developed eggs. The number of spots and the amounts of protein in ovary without eggs were less than those of ovary containing eggs by two dimensional elec-trophoresis. The protein bands between 45, 000 and 110, 000 almost appeared in acidic field of he dimensional gel. Especially, the band, M.W. 109, 000, uras separated 3 spots, a1, a2, and as. The band, M.W. 102, 000, has spots which designated b1, b2, b3, and b4. Besides, proteins below M.W. 24, 000 were occurred less spots in the basic field than those of acidic field. The mechanism of intracellular organs (= cell organells) uras related to the yolk protein synthesis of oocyte in the process of yolk protein formation of derris pcfudum.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1073-1080
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• 2009

A number of studies have demonstrated that the regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce the risks of colorectal, oesophageal and lung cancers. NSAIDs have been shown to exert their anti-cancer effects through inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The susceptibility of tumor cells to anti-tumor drug-induced apoptosis appears to depend on the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic programs such as nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathways. We examined the effects of pro-survival PI3K and ERK1/2 signal pathways on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to NSAIDs including sulindac sulfide and NS398. We show that simultaneous inhibition of the Akt/PKB and ERK1/2 signal cascades could synergistically enhance the potential pro-apoptotic activities of sulindac sulfide and NS398. Similar enhancement was observed in cells treated with sulindac sulfide or NS398 and 100 ${\mu}$M genistein, an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are upstream of PI3K and MEK1/2 signaling. We further demonstrate that NAG-1 is induced and plays a critical role(s) in apoptosis by NSAIDs-based combined treatment. In sum, our results show that combinatorialtreatment of sulindac sulfide or NS398 and genistein results in a highlysynergistic induction of apoptotic cell death to increase the chemopreventive effects of the NSAIDs, sulindac sulfide and NS398.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1220-1232
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• 2018

The purpose of this animal study was to evaluate, by histological analysis, bone regeneration in rabbit maxillary sinuses with an anorganic bovine graft (Bio-Oss) and a ${\beta}-tricalcium$ phosphate (${\beta}-TCP$) grafting. Bilateral sinus augmentation procedures were performed in 12 adult male rabbits. Rectangular replaceable bony windows were made with a piezoelectric thin saw insert. In the Bio-Oss group, Bio-Oss was grafted and in the ${\beta}-TCP$ group, ${\beta}-TCP$ was grafted and covered by replaceable bony windows. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the surgical procedure. The augmented sinuses were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis using hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase stains and also by immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), type I collagen, and osteocalcin content. Histologically, new bone formation was found on the surface of Bio-Oss and ${\beta}-TCP$ particles from 2 weeks and continued to 8 weeks. Significant higher new bone formation was revealed in the ${\beta}-TCP$ group than in the Bio-Oss group at 8 weeks. The amount of graft materials was significantly decreased in the ${\beta}-TCP$ group and the number of osteoclasts was significantly increased in the ${\beta}-TCP$ group from 4 to 8 weeks. Immunoreactivity to PCNA was reduced at 8 weeks. The expression of type I collagen was significantly increased in the ${\beta}-TCP$ group at 2 weeks, but was significantly increased in the Bio-Oss group at 8 weeks. Immunoreactivity to osteocalcin was increased from 2 to 8 weeks. These histological results can help in the selection of graft materials for implants. Both Bio-Oss and ${\beta}-TCP$ are proven graft materials, however, these results indicate that ${\beta}-TCP$ showed better bone regeneration results in rabbit maxillary sinus augmentation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic substances as well as microorganisms were added to infant formula in an attempt to influence the intestinal microflora with an aim to stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Over the last 10 years, new synbiotic infant formulas containing probiotics and prebiotics have been proposed in order to simulate the effect of breast-feeding on the intestinal microflora. Owing to their synergistic effect, the new synbiotics are expected to be more helpful than using probiotics and prebiotics individually. Maintenance of the viability of the probiotics during food processing and the passage through the gastrointestinal tract should be the most important consideration, since a sufficient number of bacteria ($10^8cfu/g$) should reach the intended location to have a positive effect on the host. Storage conditions and the processing technology used for the manufacture of products such as infant formula adversely affect the viability of the probiotics. When an appropriate and cost-effective microencapsulation methodology using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and substances with high biological value are developed, the quality of infant formulas would improve. The effect of probiotics may be called a double-effect, where one is an immunomodulatory effect, induced by live probiotics that advantageously alter the gastrointestinal microflora, and the other comprises anti-inflammatory responses elicited by dead cells. At present, a new terminology is required to define the dead microorganisms or crude microbial fractions that positively affect health. The term "paraprobiotics" (or ghost probiotics) has been proposed to define dead microbial cells (not damaged or broken) or crude cell extracts (i.e., cell extracts with complex chemical composition) that are beneficial to humans and animals when a sufficient amount is orally or topically administered. The fecal microflora of bottle-fed infants is altered when the milk-based infant formula is supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics. Thus, by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, prebiotics modify the fecal microbial composition and accordingly regulate the activity of the immune system. Therefore, considerable attention has been focused on the improvement of infant formula quality such that its beneficial effects are comparable to those of human milk, using prebiotics such as inulin and oligosaccharides and potential specific probiotics such as bifidobacteria, which selectively stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the microflora and the indigenous intestinal metabolic activity of the microflora.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to examine the fermentation properties of yogurt with Lycii fructus, Lycii folium and Lycii cortex powder, and extract additives at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%. Lactic acid bacteria was used in a mixed starter culture of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus(ST36) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus(LB12). When the boxthorn was added with extract types, the changes of pH, acidity and lactic acid bacteria counts of yogurt during the fermenation of 3 hours were pH 5.64, titratable acidity 0.85%, 5.80xl0$\^$6/cfu/ml of viable cell counts for control yogurt, whereas those were pH 4.10∼5.06, titratable acidity 0.98∼1.27%, 1.80∼9.60x10$\^$7/ cfu/ml of viable cell counts for Lycii fructus extract yogurt. The lactose hydrolysis ratio was better for 1.0% Lycii fructus extract yogurt(42.00%) and 1.0% Lycii folium extract yogurt(41.46%) than for control yogurt(28.40%). Also, content of lactic acid of 1.0% Lycii fructus(11.9 times) and 1.0% Lycii folium extract yogurt(10.6 times) produced more than control yogurt(7.3 times). The viscosity of yogurt was better for boxthorn extract yogurt(1,027∼1,382 cps) than for control yogurt(975cps). The sensory scores of color, taste and overall acceptability of yogurt with 0.5, and 1.0% Lycii fructus extract additive were better than other groups. The yogurts made with increased Lycii fructus extract concentration(0.5∼6.0%), showed the increase of lactic acid, titratable acidity, number of lactic acid bacteria, viscosity and lactose hydrolysis rate compared to the treatments of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% Lycii folium and Lycii cortex extract and powder yogurt. We gained excellent results from the yogurt to which Lycii fructus extract was added with 0.51.0% concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.89-119
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• 2004

This study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli having probiotic characteristics to be used as health adjuncts with fermented milk products. Acid tolerant strains were selected in Lactobacilli MRS broth adjusted to pH 4.0 from 80 healthy persons (infants, children and adults). And bile tolerant strains were examined in Lactobacilli MRS broth in which 1.0% bile salt was added. By estimation above characteristics, the strains No. 27, which was isolated from adult feces, was selected and identified as Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius based on carbohydrate fermentation and 16S rDNA sequencing. It was used as a probiotic strain in fermented milk products. The pH of fermented milk decreased from pH 6.7 to 5.0 and titratable acidity increased from 0.3% to 1.0% by L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (isolation strain 20, 35, and 37), when incubated for 36 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The number of viable cell counts of fermented milk was maximized at this incubation condition. The SDS-PAGE evidenced no significant change of casein but distinct changes of whey protein were observed by isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius for titratable acidity being incubated by $0.9{\sim}1.0%$ at $37^{\circ}C$. All of the strains produced 83.43 to 131.96 mM of lactic acid and 5.39 to 26.85 mM of isobutyric acid in fermented products. The in vitro culture experiment was performed to evaluate ability to reduce cholesterol levels and antimicrobial activity in the growth medium. The selected L. salivarius subsp. salivarius reduced $23{\sim}38%$ of cholesterol content in lactobacilli MRS broth during bacterial growth for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. All of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had an excellent antibacterial activity with $15{\sim}25$ mm of inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, S. enteritidis KCCM3313, S. typhimurium M-15, and S. typhimurium KCCM40253 when its pH had not been adjusted. Also, all of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had partial inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, E. coli KCTC0115 and S. enteritidis KCCM3313 when it had been adjusted to pH 5.7. The selected strains were determined to have resistances of twelve antibiotic. Strains 27 and 35 among the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius showed the highest resistance to the antibiotics. Purified ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was obtained by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography, Mono-Q ion exchange chromatography and HPLC column chromatography from L. salivarius subsp. salivarius 27. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 8,994 units/mg protein, representing an 17.09 folds purification of the original cell crude extract. The molecular weight of enzyme was identified about 53,000 dalton by 12% SDS-PAGE. Optimal temperature and pH for activity of this enzyme were $40^{\circ}C$ and 7.0 respectively. The enzyme was found to be stable between 25 and $50^{\circ}C$. ${\alpha}$-galactosidase activity was lost rapidly below pH 5.0 and above pH 9.0. This enzyme was liberated galactose from melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, and also the hydrolysis rate of substrate was compound by HPLC. These results indicated that some of the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (strain 27 and 35) are considered as effective probiotic strains with a potential for industrial applications, but the further study is needed to establish their use as probiotics in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.581-587
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• 1997

For bifidus fermentation food, gelatinized rice solution was fermented without liquefaction/saccharification by amylolytic Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from Korean. Eighteen amylolytic Bifidobcterium on the starch agar were isolated from 38 Korean and four strains were finally selected as good amylase producers. The most enzyme-producing strain of Bif. sp. FBD-12 secreted extracellular amylase of 0.17 U/mg and intracelluar amylase of 1.8 U/mg. Three strains of Bif. sp. FBD-12, Bif. sp. FBD-16 and Bif. sp. FBD-17 also showed good growth on pH controlled media by HCI/acetic acid to pH 5.0 while Bif. sp. FBD-6 was not so tolerant that viable cell counts reduced to $10^2\;CFU/mL$ times on the media. Initial cell number of $10^6\;CFU/mL$ for those strains reached to $10^9\;CFU/mL$ on the rice medium supplemented with yeast extract (0.2%) and cysteine (0.05%). Ascorbic acid instead of cysteine was added to the medium for improving off-flavour and the best growth was shown at 0.1% addition. Isolated soybean proteins (ISP) of 3% accelerated the growth of the strains. Maximum count of $10^9\;CFU/mL$ reached within 12 hour fermentation on the rice medium with ascorbic acid and isolated soybean protein instead of 32 hours on the cysteine medium, and total acidity increased from 0.5% to 1% on each media. Reducing sugar in the ascorbic acid/ISP cultures generally increased especially 2 mg/mL to 15.5 mg/mL for Bif. sp. FBD-6. From sensory evaluation, the products showed good acceptability so that it suggested possibility of development of bifidus-fermented rice food.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.248-261
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• 1994

Background: Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin that recognize a specific sequence of sugar residues. The availability of a large number of lectins has provided the capacity to identify selectively glycoconjugates possessing distinctive chemical structure in diverse sites of highly specialized biological activity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lectin binding patterns of various components in human pulmonary tubercles. Method: Biopsy specimens of tuberculous lung were obtained from male adult patients who underwent a surgical resection for severe pulmonary tuberculosis. The specimens were processed and stained with 13 kinds of biotinylated lectins according to some modification of Hsu and Raine's methods. Results: 1) In the caseous necrotic lesions, BS $I-B_4$ showed negative reaction and BS I were also negative except some irregularly-shaped cells located in the marginal zone. All other lectins, however, showed a positive reaction with various binding patterns. 2) The epithelioid cells were broadly divided into three groups according to the reaction patterns in the cytoplasms and cell membranes. 3) WGA, ECL, PHA-L, PHA-E and LCA showed strong staining in the lymphocytes. 4) SBA showed a different binding patterns between the endothelial layers located in the region beyond the fibrous layers and those located within the fibrous layers. 5) PNA showed a positive reaction in the outer 1/3 to 1/2 of the fibrous layer, but showed no staining in the inner 1/2 to 2/3 of the fibrous layers. Conclusion: The present lectin histochemical study provided a useful information to assess the characterization and distribution of various glycoconjugates in each constituent of human pulmonary tubercles. The results demonstrate structural differences in the glycoconjugate composition of various components of the tubercles and reveal changes in glycosylation in the components during soft tubercle formation. This study provides a new data useful for the studies on the pathogenesis and pathology of human pulmonary tubercles.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

Background : The purpose of this study was to analyze the smoking habits in patients with lung cancer and identify any difference of prevalence according to histologic types of lung cancer. Methods : The data were calculated by total amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled during the whole lifetime according to variation of smoking habit. This study was to investigated any difference of prevalence in lung cancer according to smoking habits. The subjects comprised 150 lung cancer cases and 300 hospital control cases that were matched by age and sex. Smoking habits during the whole lifetime were surveyed by standardized questionnaire. Odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results : There were 104 male and 34 female lung cancer cases. By histologic type, there were 53 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 67 of adenocarcinoma and 30 of small cell lung carcinoma. The differences between lung cancer cases and controls according to smoking habits were total duration of smoking, total pack years of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years. The odds ratio were higher in Kreyberg I, but not in Kreyberg II, for the longer duration of smoking, the greater total pack years of cigarettes consumed, the more cigarettes smoked per day during the previous two years, the longer duration on non-filter smoking, the earlier life cases who began to smoke, and the higher amounts of calculated total tar and nicotine inhaled over the whole lifetime. When we added grade of inhalation to calculation of amounts of tar and nicotine inhaled over the lifetime, the odds ratios of total inhalation amounts of tar and nicotine were as high as those the without them. Conclusions : This study reconfirmed that smoking habits were strongly associated with lung cancer and that there were different associations between smoking habits and histologic types of lung cancer. In particular, calculations of total tar and nicotine amounts inhaled over the whole lifetime were calculated for the first time in trials from lung cancer epidemiologic studies.