• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.74-86
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• 2000

Objectives : This is the experimental paper to study the curative and preventive effects of Dansambohyultang, Methods : Oriental herb medicine for gastro-intestinal disease caused by stress, on the rats put under the stress through starvation, heating and immoblization, the author used four different group; the normal group, which was not put under stress and well fed, and the control group, to which the drug was not administered and put under the stress through starvation, heating and immoblization, the Sample I, to which the drug was administered before they were put under stress, the Sample lI, to which the drug was administered after they were put under stress. Results : When a Masson's trichrome stain method was applied to the control group, a small size of ulcer was found in the fundus and the pylorus, and atrophy was observed in the neck region of mucous membrane. When the drug was administered to the Sample I and the Sample II, the former recovered from the ulcer and atrophy to almost normal and showed better results than the latter. When a Masson's trichrome stain method was applied to the control group, atrophy of mucous membrane was found all over the intestines. When the drug was administered to the Sample I and the Sample ll, the curative and recovered effects was seen in both, but the former showed better results than the latter. After application of Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, the observation of numerical changes of goblet cells in the small intestines showed the most significant decrease in the control group. In the Sample I, the number of the cells in the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum returned to an almost normal level. In the Sample II, a slight increase was observed only in the ileum. After application of Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, the observation of numerical changes of goblet cell in the large intestines showed a significant decreased in the control group. Both the Sample I and the Sample II showed an increase in the number of goblet cells in comparison with the control group. When a serotonin-immunoreaction test was applied, the control group showed a general decrease in the number of gastro-entero-endocrine cells, The Sample I showed the effect in all over gastro.intestinal tract as compared with control group and the Sample II showed the effect in all over gastro-intestinal tract except the duodenum and the former showed better results than the latter. Conclusion : According to the above results, the regions which are most sensitive to stress were observed to the ileum and the colon. It was concluded that Dansambohyultang has a remedical value particularly on the abnormalities caused by stress in all over gastro-intestinal tract and it was found to be more effective in the Sample I than in the Sample ll. Judging from the fact that the Sample I showed better results than the Sample ll, Dansambohyultang can be said to have a preventive effect more than a curative effect on gastro-intestinal tract disease.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.303-314
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• 2021

To understand how to efficiently observe the biomass and community of phytoplankton, phytoplankton sampling was carried out from June to October 2019 at the Yeongju dam sediment control reservoir(YJ) and Bohyeonsan dam reservoir(BH1 and BH2). The results derived from microscopic observation, such as the conventional phytoplankton qualitative/quantitative analysis, and from the CHEMTAX method based on the pigments, were compared. The relative contribution of phytoplankton, calculated by the microscopy and CHEMTAX methods, showed a significant difference in all four classes: cryptophyta, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, and diatoms. In addition, the correlation between the two observation methods was poor. This might be caused by methodological differences in microscopy that do not consider the varying cell sizes among phytoplankton species. In this study, by converting the cells into carbon, the slope between both carbon biomasses based on microscopy and CHEMTAX was improved close to the 1 : 1 line, and the y-intercept was closer to 0 for cryptophyta and diatoms. For cyanobacteria, the slope increased, the y-intercept decreased, and the plot approached 1 : 1 although the correlation coefficients were not improved in all classes. The present study suggests that application of CHEMTAX based on pigment analysis could be a possible approach to efficiently determine the relative carbon proportions of individual classes of phytoplankton community composition.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.360-378
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• 1997

Background : Severe acute lung injury(ALI), also known as the adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), is a heterogenous nature of dynamic and explosive clinical synrome that exacts a mortality of approximately 50%. Endotoxin(ETX) is an abundant component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria capable of inducing severe lung injury in gram-negative sepsis and gram-negative bacterial pneumonia, which are among the most common predisposing causes of ARDS. The influx of PMNs into airway tissue is a pathological hallmark of LPS-induced lung injury. And there is a substantial evidence suggesting that cytokines are important mediators of lung injury in gram-negative sepsis. However, the kinetics of phagocytes and cytokines by an exact time sequence and their respective pathogenic importance remain to be elucidated. This study was performed to investigate the role of phagocytes and proinflammatory cytokines in ETX-induced ALI through a time course of changes in the concentration of protein, $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-6, and counts of total and its differential cells in BALF. The consecutive histologic findings were also evaluated. Method : The experimental animals, healthy male Sprague-Dawley, weighted $200{\pm}50g$, were divided into control- and ALI- group. ALI was induced by an intravenous administration of ETX, 5mg/kg. Above mentioned all parameters were examined at 0(control), 3, 6, 24, 72 h after administration of ETX. $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-6 cone. in BALF were measured by a bioassay. Results : The protein concentration and total leukocyte count(TC) in BALF was significantly increased at 3h compared to controls(p < 0.05). The protein conc. was significantly elavated during observation period, but TC was significantly decreased at 72h(p < 0.05 vs. 24h). There was a close relationship between TC and protein cone. in BALF(r = 0.65, p < 0.001). The PMN and monocyte count was well correlated with TC in BALF, and the correlation of PMN(r = 0.97, p < 0.001) appeared to be more meaningful than that of monocyte(r = 0.61, p < 0.001). There was also a significant correlation between protein cone. and PMN or monocyte count in BALF(PMN vs. monocyte : r = 0.55, p < 0.005 vs. r = 0.64, p < 0.001). The count of monocyte was significantly elavated during observation period though a meaningful reduction of PMN count in BALF at 72h, this observation suggested that monocyte may, at least, partipate in the process of lung injury steadly. In this study, there was no relationship between IL-6 and $TNF{\alpha}$ cone., and $TNF{\alpha}$ but not IL-6 was correlated with TC(r = 0.61, p < 0.05) and monocyte(r = 0.67, p < 0.05) in BALF only at 3, 6h after ETX introduced. In particular, the IL-6 cone. increased earlier and rapidly peaked than $TNF{\alpha}$ cone. in BALF. In histologic findings, the cell counts of lung slices were increased from 3 to 72h(p < 0.001 vs. NC). Alveolar wall-thickness was increased from 6 to 24h(p < 0.001 vs. NC). There was a significant correlation between the cell counts of lung slices and alveolar wall-thickness(r= 0.61, p < 0.001). This result suggested that the cellular infiltrations might be followed by the alterations of interstitium, and the edematous change of alveolar wall might be most rapidly recovered to its normal condition in the process of repair. Conclusion : We concluded that although the role of PMN is partly certain in ETX-induced ALI, it is somewhat inadequate to its known major impact on ALL Alveolar macrophage and/or non-immune cells such as pulmonary endothelial or epithelial cells, may be more importantly contributed to the initiation and perpetual progression of ETX-induced ALI. The IL-6 in ETX-induced ALI was independent to $TNF{\alpha}$, measured by a bioassay in BALF. The early rise in IL-6 in BALF implies multiple origins of the IL-6.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-61
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of indomethacin on the distribution of Langerhans cells and T-lymphocytes related with immune response of 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced carcinogenesis at the palate and tongue of albino rat. 54 Sprague-Dawley strain 10 weeks old albino rats, about 150gm weighted, divided into a normal group of 6 rats without treatment, a control group of 12 rats given indomethacin, a carcinogenesis group of 18 whose palatal mucosa were appiled with 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide three times a week, and experimental group of 18 rats were treated with indomethacin and whose palatal mucosa were applied 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide. All these 54 rats were subjected to be observed as being ATPase stained specimens, specimens for the observation of light and electron microscope, and T-lymphocyte stained specimens. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1. In carcinogenesis group, proliferation of epithelial layer and rete peg were observed early period of the experiment and showed parakeratosis, individual cell keratinization, acanthosis, and lymphocyte infiltration from 13th week of the experiment on lightmicroscopically, while experimental group showed less reaction than that of carcinagenesis group. 2. The number of Langerhans cells in normal group rarely changed until 21st week of the experiment, while the Langerhans cells increased markedly from 3rd week of the experiment in control group. 3. The number of Langerhans cells were decreased markedly and persistantly until 21st week of the experiment both in carcinogenesis and experimental groups. 4. Appearance of the T-helper cells and T-suppressor cells were minimal and irregullar in number both in normal and control groups. Thus it is assumed that administration of indomethacin and distribution of Langerhans cells showed close relation. 5. In carcinogenesis and experimental groups, the number of the T-helper cells was apparently inereased than that of the T-suppressor cells, but increasing pattern in experimental group was less than in carcinogenesis group. These cells increased most in the 21st week, decreased from the 23rd week and the appearance of these cells were irregular in general throughout the experiment.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of High-Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) and ultrasound on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in female Sprauge-Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of $.1m{\ell}$ of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (1 mg of Mycobacterium Butyricum suspended in $.1m{\ell}$ paraffin oil) into the right hind paw. A randomized, parallel-groups design of 24 subjects was used. All rats were randomly assigned to control (n=8), ultrasound (n=8), and HVPC (n=8) were compared with those of injured rats. The rats in the pulsed ultrasound group were treated at 1 MHz frequency with $.5W/cm^2$ intensity in 1:4 mode for 5 minutes per day. The rats in the HVPC group were treated at 120 pulses per second and $50{\mu}s$ phase duration, 20 mA intensity for 30 min per day. Treatment was done in the left and right hind limb for 2 weeks. We evaluated clinical, radiographic, hematologic and histopathologic findings before and after treatment and obtained the following results. 1. Edema of the right hind paw was more significantly reduced in the ultrasound and HVPC groups than the control group on days 9, 12, and 14 (p<.05). Edema of the left hind paw was more significantly reduced in ultrasound and HVPC groups than the control group on days 12, 14 (p<.05). 2. WBC counts of the ultrasound and HVPC groups as compared with the control group were becoming remarkably decreased after the treatment. 3. In radiologic findings, arthritis formation was seen according to the score of arthritis, which was the highest in the control group, upon the observation of radiographs of the left and right hind paws. However, no statistically significant difference was present in the score within three groups. 4. In the histopathologic findings, ultrasound and HVPC groups had effectively suppressed erosions of articular cartilage and inflammatory cell infiltrations. Therefore, the results of the study show that rats that were treated with the ultrasound and HVPC effectively suppressed adjuvant arthritis. However, no statistically significant difference was present between the ultrasound group and the HVPC group.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.284-288
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• 2013

This study aimed to get the basic data on the breeding of good varieties in Hypericum patulum Thunberg. The optimum materials, concentration and soaking time were examined to identify the effective approach to induce tetraploid plant by colchicine treatment to cultivate the varieties. For the seed germination rate of seed by colchicine treatment, the higher colchicine concentration was and the longer soaking time was, the more the germination rate decreased. While individuals were germinated in 16 test groups except control group (no treatment group), all the plants were diploid and no tetraploid was induced. For the plant regeneration rate by colchicine treatment on the explant of Hypericum patulum Thunberg that was under in vitro culture, the higher the colchicine concentration increased, the ress the regeneration rate. While total 147 individuals were regenerated in all treatment, when the explant was soaking treatment in more than 0.05% for over 6 hours, tetraploid could be obtained. In the soaking treatment of 0.05% for over 6 hours, tetraploid could be obtained. In particular, for the soaking treatment in 0.05% for 12 hours, 8 tetraploids were induced, which was about 47.1% of the number of plant regenerated. In accordance with the observation on doubling of DNA contents in leaf in order to identify polyploidy, the peak DNA content of G1 phase was 94.5 for diploid and 192.5 for tetraploid. It confirmed doubling of DNA content. Furthermore, the number of chloroplasts per guard cell depending on polyploid was around 10 in diploid and 17 to 19 in tetraploid, which were around 1.7 to 1.9 times as much as diploid.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.428-434
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• 2013

An isolate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CC110 was selected as an effective antagonist for biological control of cucumber downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Temperature range for growth of CC110 isolate was $7.5{\sim}55.0^{\circ}C$, and its optimal temperature at $36.6^{\circ}C$. pH range for growth of CC110 isolate was 4.5~9.5, and its optimal pH at 7.0. In this study, the most effective sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth of CC110 isolate were fructose and yeast extract, respectively. The volatile of CC110 isolate was found to be effective to control downy mildew on cucumber showing no diseased area whereas that of control was 13.2% using the I plate bioassay. The culture broth and cells of isolate CC110 cultured in TSB media for 48 hours at $28^{\circ}C$ inhibited occurrence of cucumber downy mildew. The cells and culture broth were transformed into sporangia of P. cubensis by in observation under light microscope and scanning electron microscope.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.35-57
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to prove the effect and mechanism of Gamikyejakjimogawusul-tang(GKHA) herbal acupuncture on induced rheumatoid arthritis model of DBA/1 mice. Methods : We check effect of GKHA extract on the AST, ALT, Creatinine, BUN of serum and cell viability of GK extract in RAW 264.7 cells to test the stability of this study. In vitro, we measure total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity of Gamikyejakjimogawusul-tang, effect of GK extract on ROS(Reactive Ooxygen Species) production to estimate a anti-oxidant capacity, and we also measure effect of GK extract on NO (Nitric Oxid), IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, TNF-${\alpha}$, MCP-1, GM-CSF production in RAW 264.7 cells to estimate a anti-inflammatory efficacy. In vivo, we compare a rheumatoid arthritis manifestation between control and experimental group and estimate a AI. Then we check effect of GKHA on the level of WBC, neutrophil, lympocyte, monocyte in the blood to see the effect of immune cells in blood. In addition we measure effect of GKHA on the level of hs-CRP, IgM, IgG, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, TNF-${\alpha}$, MCP-1, GM-CSF in serum. We observe effects of GKHA on imaging of cartilage degeneration using micro CT-arthrography in paw hind. And we calculate effects of GKHA that reduced BV ratio, BS/BV ratio using 3D Micro-CT. Lastly we observe effects of GKHA histopathologic examination analysis. Results : 1. The toxicity on liver and kidney was disregardable and the cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells was also disregardable. 1. Total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents in GK extract were in high level. 2. DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity were increased according to concentration of GK extract 3. ROS production was significantly decreased in GK extract (at 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$). 4. NO, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, MCP-1 production were significantly decreased in GK extract(at 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$). IL-17, GM-CSF production were significantly decreased in GK extract(at 1, 10, $100{\mu}g/ml$). IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-21 production were also decreased but there was no statistical significance. 5. 25x observation after H&E and M-T staining, infiltration of immune cells and subsidence of the cartilage and damage to the synovial cells were decreased. Conclusions : This study showed that GKHA extract had anti-oxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory efficacy. GKHA extract also had inhibiting effect on the process of rheumatoid arthritis and can protect joint and cartilage. So we expect that GKHA extract can be a meaningful treatment to rheumatoid arthritis patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 2004

Antimicrobial effect of chitosan and its oligosaccharides was examined on Vibrios sp., Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus sp., which are major pathogenic bacteria inducing bacterial diseases of acquacultured flounder. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS ) were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan in an ultrafiltration mombrane bioreactor system which was established with three membranes with different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000, and fractionated into three kinds of COS, based on their molecular weight sizes. The three kinds of COS were as follows : relatively high molecular weight COS [HMW-COS, molecular weight distribution of 7,000 to 24,000 Da〕, medium molecular weight COS 〔MMW-COS, 1,500 to 6,000 Da〕, and low molecular weight COS 〔LMW-COS, 1,000 to 1,500 Da). Chitosan and HMW-COS effectively inhibited the growths of Vibrio sp. and Streptococcus sp. and their antimicrobial activities were superior to the others with smaller molecular weights. This result suggested that antimicrobial effect of chitosan preparations extremely depend on their molecular weight sizes. Antimicrobial effect of chitosan and HMW-COS on E. tarda was improved by longer inoculation times. Scanning electron microscopy in morphological change of E. tarda treated with chitosan preparations showed that chitosan and HMW-COS bound to the cells and suppressed the growth of the cells. This observation appears to prove the fact that positive charged amines of chitosan electrostatically bind to negative charged compounds of cell walls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.318-323
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• 2004

This study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the beverage contained Radix puerariae (15%) and Bambusae caules in Liquamen Phyllostachyos (1%) on the alcohol administered mouse. The control group was treated with alcohol (40% alcohol, 8.0 mL/kg of body weight), experimental group 1 (Exp.1) was administered with beverage (8.0 mL/kg of body weight) before alcohol treatment, and experimental group 2 (Exp.2) was administered with beverage after alcohol treatment. Blood alcohol concentrations were decreased by 11% (in Exp. 1) and 17% (in Exp. 2) compared with control group. The concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were slightly increased in Exp. 1 and Exp.2, but alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were not changed compared with control group. Mn-Superoxide dismutase activity was increased by about 70% in the experimental groups in comparison to control group. The Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 contained more periodic-acid Schiff (PAS)-positive materials than the control group. Electron microscopical observations showed that, cell organelles of hepatocytes were more disoriented in the control group than in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2. These results suggest that the beverage contained Radix puerariae and Bambusae caules in Liquamen Fhyllostachyos is a safe and effective therapeutic agent for alcohol abuse.