• 제목/요약/키워드: Cd Aerosol

검색결과 42건 처리시간 0.026초

카드뮴의 흡입독성 연구를 위해 설계된 에어로졸 발생장치에서 발생된 카드뮴 에어로졸의 입경분석(766ppm 카드뮴 네뷸라이징 용액) (Particle Size Analysis of Cadmium Aerosol for Cadmium Inhalation Toxicology Study (766ppm Cadmium Nebulizing Solution))

  • 정재열;도날드밀턴;김태형;이종영;장두섭;강성호;송용선;이기남
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제16권5호
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    • pp.1035-1041
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    • 2002
  • Ultrasonic nebulizer with the application of new engineering methodology and the design of electronic circuit and 766ppm Cd nebulizing solution were used to generate cadmium aerosol for inhalation toxicology study. The results of particle size analysis for cadmium aerosol were as following. The highest particle counting for source temperature 20℃ was 43.449 x 10³ in inlet temperature 250℃ and particle diameter 0.75㎛. The highest particle counting for source temperature 50℃ was 43.211 x 10³ in inlet temperature 100 ℃ and particle diameter 0.75㎛. The highest particle counting for source temperature 70℃ was 41.917x10³ in inlet temperature 250℃ and particle diameter 0.75㎛. The ranges of geometric mean diameter(GMD) were 0.677-1.009㎛ in source temperature 20℃, 0.716-0.963㎛ in source temperature 50℃, and 0.724-0.957㎛ in source temperature 70℃. The smallest GMD was 0.677㎛ in source temperature 20℃ and inlet temperature 20℃. and the largest GMD was 1.009㎛ in source temperature 20℃ and inlet temperature 20℃. The ranges of geometric standard deviation(GSD) were 1.635-2.101 in source temperature 20℃. 1.676-2.073 in source temperature 50℃, and 1.687-2.051 in source temperature 70℃. The lowest GSD was 1.635 in source temperature 20℃ and inlet temperature 20℃, and the highest GSD was 2.101 in source temperature 20℃ and inlet temperature 200℃. Aerosol generated for cadmium inhalation toxicology study was polydisperse aerosol. The ranges of mass median diameter(MMD) were 1.399-5.270㎛ in source temperature 20℃. 1.593-4.742㎛ in source temperature 50℃, and 1.644-4.504㎛ in source temperature 70℃. The smallest MMD was 1.399㎛ in source temperature 20℃ and inlet temperature 20℃, and the largest MMD was 5.270㎛ in source temperature 20℃ and inlet temperature 200℃. Increasing trends for GMD, GSD, and MMD were observed with same source temperature and increase of inlet temperature. MMD for inhalation toxicology testing in EPA guidance is less than 4㎛. In our results. inlet temperature 20 and 50℃ in source temperature 20℃, and inlet temperature 20 to 150℃ in source temperature 50 and 70℃ were conformed to the EPA guidance. MMD for inhalation toxicology testing in OECD and EU is less than 3㎛. In our results, inlet temperature 20 and 50℃ in source temperature 20, 50, and 70℃ were conformed to the OECD and EU guidance.

PMF 모델을 이용한 용인-수원경계지역에서의 부유분진의 크기별 오염원 확인 (Source Identification of Ambient Size-by-Size Particulate Using the Positive Matrix Factorization Model on the Border of Yongin and Suwon)

  • 오미석;이태정;김동술
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.108-121
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    • 2009
  • The suspended particulate matters have been collected on membrane filters and glass fiber filters by an 8-stage cascade impactor for 2 years (Sep. 2005${\sim}$Sep. 2007) in Kyung Hee University-Global Campus located on the border of Yongin and Suwon. The 20 chemical species (Al, Mn, Si, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Ba, $Na^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were analyzed by an ICP-AES and an IC after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. Based on these chemical information, the PMF receptor model was applied to identify the source of ambient size-by-size particulate matters. The receptor modeling is the one of the statistical methods to achieve resonable air pollution management strategies. A total of 10 sources was identified in 9 size-ranges such as long-range transport, secondary aerosol, $NH_{4}NO_{3}$ related source, coal combustion, sea-salt, soil, oil combustion, auto emission, incineration, and biomass burning. Especially, the secondary aerosol source assorted in fine and coarse modes was intensively studied.

서울시 지하역사에서 PM10의 화학적 특성과 오염원의 확인 및 기여도 추정 (Identification of PM10 Chemical Characteristics and Sources and Estimation of their Contributions in a Seoul Metropolitan Subway Station)

  • 박슬바센나;이태정;고현기;배성준;김신도;박덕신;손종렬;김동술
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.74-85
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    • 2013
  • Since the underground transportation system is a closed environment, indoor air quality problems may seriously affect many passengers' health. The purpose of this study was to understand $PM_{10}$ characteristics in the underground air environment and further to quantitatively estimate $PM_{10}$ source contributions in a Seoul Metropolitan subway station. The $PM_{10}$ was intensively collected on various filters with $PM_{10}$ aerosol samplers to obtain sufficient samples for its chemical analysis. Sampling was carried out in the M station on the Line-4 from April 21 to 28, July 13 to 21, and October 11 to 19 in the year of 2010 and January 11 to 17 in the year of 2011. The aerosol filter samples were then analyzed for metals, water soluble ions, and carbon components. The 29 chemical species (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, CC, PC, EC, Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, Zn, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) were analyzed by using ICP-AES, IC, and TOR after proper pretreatments of each sample filter. Based on the chemical information, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the $PM_{10}$ sources and then six sources such as biomass burning, outdoor, vehicle, soil and road dust, secondary aerosol, ferrous, and brakewear related source were classified. The contributions rate of their sources in tunnel are 4.0%, 5.8%, 1.6%, 17.9%, 13.8% and 56.9% in order.

2000~2002년 우리나라에서 관측된 황사의 화학 조성 및 특성 (Chemical Composition and Features of Asian Dust Observed in Korea (2000~2002))

  • 신선아;한진석;홍유덕;안준영;문광주;이석조;김신도
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.119-129
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    • 2005
  • The ambient TSP data measured at Seoul, Incheon. Taean, Daegu, Busan in Korea were used to explain the chemical composition and general features of Asian Dust (AD) observed in Korea. 9 episodes out of 19 were sampled from 2000 through May 2002, and measurements were conducted covering ionic and metal components with mass concentration. The results showed that daily averaged mass concentration (TSP) during the AD episodes was 458 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, and ionic and metal concentrations were 27.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 71.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively, accounting for 6.1 % and 15.5% of the total aerosol mass. TSP concentrations during episodes were varied from 120 to 1742 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ according to the impact of Asian Dusts and had a tendency of showing higher values at sites in the west side of Korea, which can be explained by the effect of diffusion and deposition. In this study, ionic components like Ca (NO$_3$)$_2$, CaSO$_4$, NaNO$_3$, Na$_2$SO$_4$ were prominent types in secondary aerosol during AD periods and also indicated that V, Co as well as soil elements such as Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, K correlated well with Al, while Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn didn't agree well with it. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) for each metal component were obtained to provide simple information about source contribution of Asian Dust, and the results were compared with those from other AD studies. In this study, the results showed that aerosol properties in Korea during the Asian Dust were considerably different from those of general atmospheric condition and specially varied from case to case rather than site to site, which implies that there are certain variations in the soil of source region, pathways of air mass, and meteorological condition. For the enhanced study, those factors should be combined with the features of Asian Dust resolved from this study.

서울시 지하철 승강장의 스크린도어 설치 전·후 PM10 오염원의 기여도 비교 연구 (A Comparative Study on PM10 Source Contributions in a Seoul Metropolitan Subway Station Before/After Installing Platform Screen Doors)

  • 이태정;전재식;김신도;김동술
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제26권5호
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    • pp.543-553
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    • 2010
  • Almost five million citizens a day are using subways as a means of traffic communication in the Seoul metropolitan. As the subway system is typically a closed environment, indoor air pollution problems frequently occurs and passengers complain of mal-health impact. Especially $PM_{10}$ is well known as one of the major pollutants in subway indoor environments. The purpose of this study was to compare the indoor air quality in terms of $PM_{10}$ and to quantitatively compare its source contributions in a Seoul subway platform before and after installing platform screen doors (PSD). $PM_{10}$ samples were collected on the J station platform of Subway Line 7 in Seoul metropolitan area from Jun. 12, 2008 to Jan. 12, 2009. The samples collected on membrane filters using $PM_{10}$ mini-volume portable samplers were then analyzed for trace metals and soluble ions. A total of 18 chemical species (Ba, Mn, Cr, Cd, Si, Fe, Ni, Al, Cu, Pb, Ti, $Na^+$, $NH_4^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were analyzed by using an ICP-AES and an IC after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. Based on the chemical information, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the source of particulate matters. $PM_{10}$ for the station was characterized by three sources such as ferrous related source, soil and road dust related source, and fine secondary aerosol source. After installing PSD, the average $PM_{10}$ concentration was decreased by 20.5% during the study periods. Especially the contribution of the ferrous related source emitted during train service in a tunnel route was decreased from 59.1% to 43.8% since both platform and tunnel areas were completely blocked by screen doors. However, the contribution of the fine secondary aerosol source emitted from various outside combustion activities was increased from 14.8% to 29.9% presumably due to ill-managed ventilation system and confined platform space.

DRUM impactor를 이용한 대기 입자상 물질 중 원소성분의 입경분포 특성 : 제주도 고산지역의 2002년 봄철 (3.29-5.30) 측정 연구 (Size Distributions of Trace Elements in Airborn Particulates Collected using Drum impactor at Gosan, Jeju Island : Measurements in Springtime 2002)

  • 한진석;문광주;류성윤;안준영;공부주;홍유덕;김영준
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.555-569
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    • 2004
  • Size -segregated measurements of aerosol composition using 8-stage DRUM impactor are used to determine the transport of natural and anthropogenic aerosols at Gosan site from 29 March to 30 May in 2002. Separation of ambient aerosols by DRUM impactor offers many Advantages over other standard filtration techniques. Some of the most important advantages are the ability to segregate into details by particle tire, to better preserve chemical integrity since the air stream doesn't pars through the deposit, to collect samples as a function of time, and to have a wide variety of impaction surfaces available to match analytical needs. Although the transport of Yellow sand is a well-known phenomenon in springtime, the result of measurement shows that not only soil dust but also anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfur, enriched trace metals such as Pb, Ni, Zn. Cu, Cr, As, Se, Br, are transported to Gosan in springtime. This study combines the size- and time-resolved aerosol composition measurements with isentropic, backward air-mass trajectories in order to identify some potential source regions of anthropogenic aerosols. As a result, during the NYS period, the average concentration of PM$_{10}$ was 46$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, Si, Al. S, Fe, Cl, K, Ca were higher than 1,000 ng/㎥ and Ti was about 100 ng/㎥. The concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu. Pb, Br, Rb, V, Cr, Ni. At, Se ranged between 1 and 70 ng/㎥. More than 50% typical soil elements, tuck as Al, Si, Fe, Cd. Ti, Cr, Cu, Br. were distributed in a coarse particle range(5.0-12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). In other hand, anthropogenic pollutants, luck as S, N, Vi, were mainly distributed in a fine particle range (0.09-0.56${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). During the YS period, PM$_{10}$ increased about 8 times than NYS period, and main soil elements, such as Al, Si, S, K, V, Mn, Fe also doubled in coarse particle range (1.15-12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). But Zn, As, Pb, Cu and Se, which distributed in the time aerosols (0.09-0.56${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), were on the same level with or decreased than NYS period. Finally. except the YS Period, coarse particles (2.5-12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) are inferred to be influenced by soil, coal combustion, waste incineration, ferrous and nonferrous sources through similar pathways with Yellow Sand. But fine particles have different sources, such as coal combustion, gasoline vehicle, biomass burning, oil or coal combustion, nonferrous and ferrous metal sources, which are transported from China, Korea peninsula and local sources.ces.

Characteristics of Ambient Metals: Size Segregated Ambient Concentrations and Dry Deposition Fluxes at Four Sites in Kunpo in 2000

  • Kim, Yong-Pyo;Yun, Hui-Jung;Yi, Seung-Muk
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제18권E2호
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    • pp.57-68
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    • 2002
  • Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes and size segregated concentrations of particulate metal elements were measured at four sites in Kunpo, a small city in the Seoul metropolitan area in Korea. At each site, aerosol samples were collected by dry deposition plates, a cascade impactor, and a coarse panicle rotary impactor during four sampling periods. At all sites, the average fluxes of metals measured during daytime were higher than nighttime fluxes due to higher wind speeds and higher ambient concentrations during daytime. The average fluxes of crustal elements (Al, Ca) were 1∼2 orders of magnitude higher than anthropogenic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The daytime fluxes of Al and Ca were between 90 and 12000 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/, and the nighttime fluxes of Al and Ca were between 20 and 2200 $\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/. The daytime fluxes of Pb, a typical anthropogenic element, were between 20 and 160$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/, and the nighttime fluxes of Pb were between ND and 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/. Also the ambient metal concentrations during daytime were higher than nighttime. Based on a dust emission estimation study in Kunpo, it was found that dust emissions during daytime are higher than nighttime. The concentrations of crustal elements were higher than anthropogenic elements. The distributions of heavy metals were mainly in small particles (D$\_$p/ 9㎛). The fraction of crustal elements in the large particles (D$\_$p/> 9㎛) were higher than anthropogenic elements.

황사현상에 의한 대기오염물질의 농도분포 특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Concentration Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants by Yellow Sand Phenomenon)

  • 이용기;김종찬;최승석;임홍빈;최양희;이수문
    • 환경위생공학
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.71-78
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    • 2002
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration distribution characteristics of air pollutants by the yellow sand from China. The concentrations and chemical properties of FPM contained in the yellow sand were compared with those of air pollutants when having no yellow sand in order to estimate the variation characteristics and the originated source of air pollutants moved by yellow sand. The concentrations of PM-2.5 and PM-10 contained in the yellow sand showed an increase of 2.3 to 2.7 times than usual, and the concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in the gaseous pollutants showed an increase of about 1.6 times by yellow sand, and thus the air contamination was much influenced by yellow sand phenomenon. The concentrations of inorganic elements contained in FPM from the yellow sand showed a higher concentration variation in the order of Al>Mg>Zn>Pb than usual. The concentration coefficient of air aerosol during the yellow sand period showed that Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were originated from natural source, and Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn were originated from artificial source for inorganic elements. The correlation analysis between FPM and inorganic elements showed in the descending order of Al>K>Pb>Mg, and thus the deposited amount of Pb was influenced by that of yellow sand. The average concentrations of PM-10 measured during the yellow sand period exceeded the Korea Air Environmental Standard and showed a excess rate of 3.4 times in the maximum but the average concentrations of PM-2.5 showed within the United States Air Environmental Standard.

PMF 모델을 이용한 대기 중 PM-10 오염원의 확인 (Source Identification of Ambient PM-10 Using the PMF Model)

  • 황인조;김동술
    • 한국대기환경학회지
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    • 제19권6호
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    • pp.701-717
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    • 2003
  • The objective of this study was to extensively estimate the air quality trends of the study area by surveying con-centration trends in months or seasons, after analyzing the mass concentration of PM-10 samples and the inorganic lements, ion, and total carbon in PM-10. Also, the study introduced to apply the PMF (Positive Matrix Factoriza-tion) model that is useful when absence of the source profile. Thus the model was thought to be suitable in Korea that often has few information about pollution sources. After obtaining results from the PMF modeling, the existing sources at the study area were qualitatively identified The PM-10 particles collected on quartz fiber filters by a PM-10 high-vol air sampler for 3 years (Mar. 1999∼Dec.2001) in Kyung Hee University. The 25 chemical species (Al, Mn, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, Ce, Pb, Si, N $a^{#}$, N $H_4$$^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_3$$^{[-10]}$ , S $O_4$$^{2-}$, TC) were analyzed by ICP-AES, IC, and EA after executing proper pre - treatments of each sample filter. The PMF model was intensively applied to estimate the quantitative contribution of air pollution sources based on the chemical information (128 samples and 25 chemical species). Through a case study of the PMF modeling for the PM-10 aerosols. the total of 11 factors were determined. The multiple linear regression analysis between the observed PM-10 mass concentration and the estimated G matrix had been performed following the FPEAK test. Finally the regression analysis provided source profiles (scaled F matrix). So, 11 sources were qualitatively identified, such as secondary aerosol related source, soil related source, waste incineration source, field burning source, fossil fuel combustion source, industry related source, motor vehicle source, oil/coal combustion source, non-ferrous metal source, and aged sea- salt source, respectively.ively.y.

황화패장, 백화패장의 항천식 작용의 비교연구 (Comparitive study on anti-asthmatic activities of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fischer ex Link and Patrinia villosa Jussieu in a mouse model of asthma)

  • 차종태;이장천;이영철
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.75-82
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    • 2012
  • Objective : In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological profile of the aqueous extract of $Patrinia$ $scabiosaefolia$ Fischer ex Link (EPS) and $Patrinia$ $villosa$ Jussieu (EPV) for its anti-asthmatic activities. The purpose of this study is to ascertain if EPS result in better anti-asthmatic activities and functional outcome as compared with EPV. Methods : In this study, BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) followed intratracheally, intraperitoneally, and by aerosol allergen challenges. We investigated the effect of EPS, EPV on the recruitment of pulmonary inflammatory cells, various immune cell phenotypes, Th1/Th2 cytokine gene expression and production and histamine production in serum. Results : In BALB/c mice, we found that EPV-treated groups had more effectively suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration of lung and BALF, B220+IgE+, CD11b+Gr-1+ cell population in lung and these occurred by suppressing the gene expression of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-4 cytokine production in BALF and serum. Conclusions : These results suggest that EPV may play an important role in the control of anti-asthmatic activities by down-regulation of Th2 cytokine (especially IL-4, IL-5). In general, EPV has shown a better anti-asthmatic activities compared to EPS.