• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.661-671
• /
• 1998

It is unavoidable that the fuel spray impinges on the wall of piston cavity in a compact high-pressure D.I. diesel engine. Therefore the characteristics of impinging spray are the very significant information on the consideration and the simulation of its combustion processes including the formation mechanism of exhaust emission and the design of the combustion chamber. In this paper, the numerical simulation was performed to study the characteristics of impinging spray. The spray-wall impingement model used is Watkins and Park's model. Calculation parameters are the inclination angles and the ambient pressures. As the inclination angle increases, the impinging spray develops mainly to the direction of the downstream and scarcely flows to that of the upstream. The shape on the wall of the impinging spray is the circle in the case of the normal impingement, while it is the ellipse in that of the oblique impingement. As the ambient pressure increases, the growth of impinging spray on the wall in the radial direction decreases owing to the increase in the resistance of the ambient.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
• /
• 제14권8호
• /
• pp.718-725
• /
• 2004

If a wall separates the bounded and unbounded spaces, then the wall’s role in transporting the acoustic characteristics of the two spaces is not well defined. In this paper, we attempted to see how the acoustic characteristics of two spaces are really affected by the spatial characteristics of the wall. In order to understand coupling mechanism, we choose a finite space and a semi-infinite space separated by the flexible or rigid wall and an opening. A volume interaction can be occurred in structure boundary and a pressure Interaction can be happened in the opening boundary. For its simplicity, without loosing generality, we use rather simplified rectangle model instead of generally shaped model. The source impedance is presented to the various types of boundaries. The distributions of pressure and active intensity are also presented at the cavity- and structure-dominated modes. The resulting modification, shifts of modal frequencies and changing of standing wave patterns to satisfy both coupled boundary conditions and governing equations, are presented.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.894-903
• /
• 2014

Insertion loss prediction of large acoustical enclosures using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) method is presented. The SEA model consists of three elements: sound field inside the enclosure, vibration energy of the enclosure panel, and sound field outside the enclosure. It is assumed that the space surrounding the enclosure is sufficiently large so that there is no energy flow from the outside to the wall panel or to air cavity inside the enclosure. The comparison of the predicted insertion loss to the measured data for typical large acoustical enclosures shows good agreements. It is found that if the critical frequency of the wall panel falls above the frequency region of interest, insertion loss is dominated by the sound transmission loss of the wall panel and averaged sound absorption coefficient inside the enclosure. However, if the critical frequency of the wall panel falls into the frequency region of interest, acoustic power from the sound radiation by the wall panel must be added to the acoustic power from transmission through the panel.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2003년도 제20회 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.91-93
• /
• 2003

A comprehensive numerical study is carried out to investigate for the understanding of the flow evolution and flame development in a supersonic combustor with normal injection of ncumally injecting hydrogen in airsupersonic flows. The formulation treats the complete conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration for a multi-component chemically reacting system. For the numerical simulation of supersonic combustion, multi-species Navier-Stokes equations and detailed chemistry of H2-Air is considered. It also accommodates a finite-rate chemical kinetics mechanism of hydrogen-air combustion GRI-Mech. 2.11[1], which consists of nine species and twenty-five reaction steps. Turbulence closure is achieved by means of a k-two-equation model (2). The governing equations are spatially discretized using a finite-volume approach, and temporally integrated by means of a second-order accurate implicit scheme (3-5).The supersonic combustor consists of a flat channel of 10 cm height and a fuel-injection slit of 0.1 cm width located at 10 cm downstream of the inlet. A cavity of 5 cm height and 20 cm width is installed at 15 cm downstream of the injection slit. A total of 936160 grids are used for the main-combustor flow passage, and 159161 grids for the cavity. The grids are clustered in the flow direction near the fuel injector and cavity, as well as in the vertical direction near the bottom wall. The no-slip and adiabatic conditions are assumed throughout the entire wall boundary. As a specific example, the inflow Mach number is assumed to be 3, and the temperature and pressure are 600 K and 0.1 MPa, respectively. Gaseous hydrogen at a temperature of 151.5 K is injected normal to the wall from a choked injector.A series of calculations were carried out by varying the fuel injection pressure from 0.5 to 1.5MPa. This amounts to changing the fuel mass flow rate or the overall equivalence ratio for different operating regimes. Figure 1 shows the instantaneous temperature fields in the supersonic combustor at four different conditions. The dark blue region represents the hot burned gases. At the fuel injection pressure of 0.5 MPa, the flame is stably anchored, but the flow field exhibits a high-amplitude oscillation. At the fuel injection pressure of 1.0 MPa, the Mach reflection occurs ahead of the injector. The interaction between the incoming air and the injection flow becomes much more complex, and the fuel/air mixing is strongly enhanced. The Mach reflection oscillates and results in a strong fluctuation in the combustor wall pressure. At the fuel injection pressure of 1.5MPa, the flow inside the combustor becomes nearly choked and the Mach reflection is displaced forward. The leading shock wave moves slowly toward the inlet, and eventually causes the combustor-upstart due to the thermal choking. The cavity appears to play a secondary role in driving the flow unsteadiness, in spite of its influence on the fuel/air mixing and flame evolution. Further investigation is necessary on this issue. The present study features detailed resolution of the flow and flame dynamics in the combustor, which was not typically available in most of the previous works. In particular, the oscillatory flow characteristics are captured at a scale sufficient to identify the underlying physical mechanisms. Much of the flow unsteadiness is not related to the cavity, but rather to the intrinsic unsteadiness in the flowfield, as also shown experimentally by Ben-Yakar et al. [6], The interactions between the unsteady flow and flame evolution may cause a large excursion of flow oscillation. The work appears to be the first of its kind in the numerical study of combustion oscillations in a supersonic combustor, although a similar phenomenon was previously reported experimentally. A more comprehensive discussion will be given in the final paper presented at the colloquium.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.732-743
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of light cured dentin bonding agents to tooth structure by measuring contraction gaps on interfaces between cavity wall and composite resin under SEM study. In this study, class V cavities with cementum margin were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 15 extracted human premolar teeth and teeth were randomly assigned 3 groups of 5 teeth each. The cavities were filled with three dentin bonding agents and two composite resins were investigated for this study: three dentin bonding agents; Scotchbond 2, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. All-Bond 2, two composite resins; Silux Pius, Z-100. Group 1 : Scotchbond 2 + Silux Plus Group 2 : Scotchbond Multi~Purpose + Z-100 Group 3 : All-Bond 2 + Z-100 The restored teeth were stored in 100% relative humidity at $37^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. And then, the roots of the teeth were removed with the tapered fissure bur and the remaining crowns were sectioned occlusogingivally through the center of restorations. Adaptation at tooth-restoration interface was assesed occlusally, gingivally, and axially by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : 1. In Group 1, the adaptation to dentinal wall of Scotchbond 2 was poor, but the adaptation to enamel wall of Scotchbond 2 was excellent. 2. In Group 2, the adaptation to occlusal was axial wall and gingival wall of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose was excellent. Especially in axially wall, the dentin bonding agents infiltrated into dentinal tubules and there was excellent adaptation to dentinal wall. 3. In Group 3, the adaptation to occlusal wall and axial wall of All-Bond 2 was excellent. But in gingival wall, there was gap formation between composite resin and dentin bonding agent.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2009년도 제33회 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.590-593
• /
• 2009

모델 스크램제트 엔진의 3차원 유동특성 이해를 위하여 다단의 충격파를 발생 시키는 흡입구부터(외부 유동영역) 공동형 보염기, 연소기, 노즐이 포함되는 엔빈 내부 전영역을 통합한 수치해석을 수행하였다. $k-{\omega}$ SST 난류모델과 Sarkar모델이 적용된 저 레이놀즈 수 k-e 난류모델의 해석결과를 실험 결과와 비교하였으며, 흡입구의 측면효과(intake side wall effects)를 살펴보기 위하여 측면의 유무에 따른 유동특성을 관찰하였다. 본 연구에 소요되는 계산시간의 효율성을 위하여 계산영역을 다중블럭으로 구성하였으며, MPI(Massage Passing Interface) 병렬 계산 기법을 적용하였다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.146-153
• /
• 2016

Background: Restoring the orbital cavity in large blow out fractures is a challenge for surgeons due to the anatomical complexity. This study evaluated the clinical outcomes and orbital volume after orbital wall fracture repair using a rapid prototyping (RP) technique and intraoperative navigation system. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on the medical records and radiology records of 12 patients who had undergone a unilateral blow out fracture reconstruction using a RP technique and an intraoperative navigation system from November 2014 to March 2015. The surgical results were assessed by an ophthalmic examination and a comparison of the preoperative and postoperative orbital volume ratio (OVR) values. Results: All patients had a successful treatment outcome without complications. Volumetric analysis revealed a significant decrease in the mean OVR from $1.0952{\pm}0.0662$ (ranging from 0.9917 to 1.2509) preoperatively to $0.9942{\pm}0.0427$ (ranging from 0.9394 to 1.0680) postoperatively. Conclusion: The application of a RP technique for the repair of orbital wall fractures is a useful tool that may help improve the clinical outcomes by understanding the individual anatomy, determining the operability, and restoring the orbital cavity volume through optimal implant positioning along with an intraoperative navigation system.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.613-621
• /
• 2015

건축 구조물 붕괴 사고가 발생했을 때, 건물 내에 있는 사람들의 긴급구호를 위해 가장 먼저 해야 할 일은 인명이 매몰되어 있는 위치(이하 매몰 공동이라 칭함)를 찾는 일이다. 그러나 붕괴된 건물의 잔해물 내에 위치한 매몰 공동을 일반적인 탐색 방법으로 찾는 것은 불가능하다. 이에 대한 해결방법으로 본 연구에서는, 붕괴시뮬레이션을 통하여 건축 구조물 붕괴 시 지하층에 형성되는 매몰 공동을 평가하였다. 붕괴 시뮬레이션에 사용되는 매몰 공동 유형에 영향을 미치는 인자로는 건축 구조물 층고, 내부 벽체의 유/무로 설정하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 지하벽체가 없고 고층 건물일수록 동일한 지진하중에서 큰 면적으로 붕괴가 발생하여 매몰 공동 형성에 불리한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 매몰 공동이 형성될 경우 건물 외벽 부근이나 코너 부분에 형성될 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제58권4호
• /
• pp.282-289
• /
• 2020

목적:본 연구의 목표는 다른 유형의 엔도크라운(endocrown) 와동 형태를 세 가지 다른 구강스캐너로 디지털 인상을 채득하였을 때의 정확성을 평가하는 것이다. 재료 및 방법: 두 개의 인체 하악 대구치를 협측벽이 있는 것(Class 2)과 협측벽이 없는(Class 3), 두 가지 엔도크라운 지대주 디자인으로 치아형성 하였다. 와동 디자인 2종을 레퍼런스로 탁상용 스캐너(E3, 3shape)와 세 개의 다른 구강스캐너, Trios 3 (3shape, TRI group), Cerec Omnicam (Dentsply Sirona, CER group), i500 (Medit Corp., I5 group)로 스캔하였다. 표준 테셀레이션 언어(.stl) 데이터 세트를 얻어, 계측 소프트웨어에서 불러들였다. 각 구강스캐너로 획득한 반복된 스캔 데이터 사이의 편차에 기초하여 정밀도(precision)를 평가하였다. 기준 데이터와 반복하여 얻은 구강스캔 사이의 편차로서 진도(trueness)를 평가 하였다. 상호작용을 탐지하기 위해 데이터는 일변량 분산분석(ANOVA)을 사용하여 통계적으로 분석하였고, 실험군의 비교 분석을 위해 데이터는 .05의 유의 수준에서 일원 분산분석 및 사후 Tukey 테스트로 분석하였다. 결과: I5 군의 두 와동 형태에 대한 편차값은 진도의 측면에서 다른 구강스캐너 군에 비해 낮았다. 두 와동 디자인 모두에서 TRI 군은 다른 구강스캐너군 보다 우수한 정밀도를 보였다. 결론: 구강스캐너의 다양한 기술과 다양한 엔도크라운 치아형성 디자인이 디지털 스캔의 정확도에 영향을 미쳤다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제38권12호
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 2022

벽체 배면에 발생한 공동은 벽체의 안정성에 악영향을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 실내 실험을 통해 콘크리트 벽체 배면에 발생한 공동을 마이크로폰을 이용하여 평가하는 방법을 개발하는 것이다. 철근이 매설된 콘크리트 판과 건조토를 이용하여 콘크리트 벽체 구조물과 배면의 흙을 모사하였으며, 속이 빈 반구형 플라스틱 통을 콘크리트 판과 건조토 사이에 설치하여 벽체 배면의 공동을 모사하였다. 누설 탄성 표면파는 해머로 콘크리트 판을 타격하여 발생시켰으며, 마이크로폰을 이용하여 측정하였다. 획득한 마이크로폰 신호의 고유주파수를 분석하여 공동이 존재하는 구역을 평가하였다. 공동이 존재하는 구역에서는 콘크리트 판의 굽힘 진동 거동에 의하여 1차 고유주파수가 감소하였다. 또한 1차 고유주파수에 해당하는 진폭은 공동에서 멀어질수록 감소하였으며, 철근에 인접한 측점에서는 더 큰 감소폭을 보였다. 본 연구는 마이크로폰이 콘크리트 벽체 배면에 발생한 공동의 위치를 평가하기 위해 유용하게 이용될 수 있음을 보여준다.