• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.560-570
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify factors of the causal attribution of cancer and to determine related variables. Method: Subjects were one hundred and thirty three cancer patients. The tool of the perceived causal attribution used was developed by authors and basically founded on Kim's work(1993). The SAS program was used to analyze the data along with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple range test, and Principal component analysis and varimax rotation. Results: 1) The perceived causal attribution measurement revealed four factors; overload, destiny, stress, and constitution. The total percentage of variance explained by the four factors was 44.3%. 2) The scores of destiny on women, having religion, unemployed, lower level of education, no spouse, groups of uterine cervix and lung cancer, not receiving an operation and receiving radiation were significantly higher than those other groups. 3) The scores of stress on women, having religion, and not having a job were significantly higher than those on men, without religion, and having a job. 4) The scores of constitution on those in their forties, women, not receiving an operation and receiving radiation were significantly higher than for those in their sixties, men, receiving operation and not receiving radiation. There was no significant difference in the factor scores of overload by any variables. Conclusion: Factors of the perceived causal attribution of cancer among Korean cancer patients were overload, destiny, stress, and constitution. The scores of each factor the perceived causal attribution was significantly different by general and disease related characteristics.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.52-96
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• 1998

To find causal factors and improvement plans of organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers, a hypothetical causal model, which included 2 endogenous variables(organizational commitment & organizational satisfaction) and 15 exogenous variables, was constructed. Exogenous variables consisted of individual factors (sex, age, education, job-grade, and annual salary), psychological variables(pride for organization, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation and support of supervisor) ad structural variables(formalization, centralization, communication, job-conflict, job-decision, and workload). In the hypothetical causal model, organizational commitment was supposed to be effect variable, and organizational satisfaction was presumed to be intervening variable to mediate between organizational commitment and exogenous variables. For data collection, cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to 1,295 public servants from 32 urban health centers nationwide. The survey responses were from 934, 72.1% of subjects. But 756 responses(58.4%) were analyzed because of excluding ones with missing values. The hypothetical causal model was fitted by covariance structural analysis with maximum likelihood method. Main results were as follows: (1) The fitted causal model accounted for 33 and 55 percent of total variance of organizational commitment and organizational satisfaction of public servants, respectively. (2) In order of effect size, pride for organization, supervisor support, communication, extrinsic motivation and centralization had an indirect effect effect on organizational commitment through organizational satisfaction. However, the effect of centralization was negative. (3) Pride for organiztion, intrinsic motivation, organizational satisfaction, job-conflict, supervisor support, communication, age, centralization, annual salar and extrinsic motivation had indirect or direct effects on organizational commitment in order of effect size. Among them, effects of job-conflict and centraldization were negative. In conclusion, these results suggested that organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers could be enhanced by pride for organization, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, prevention of job-conflict and excess centralization, supervisor support and active communication. Especially, pride for organization and intrinsic motivation were expected to play the most important role.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.188-205
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• 2023

Objectives: Methanol poisoning accidents in smartphone parts manufacturing facilities were analyzed using a systemic accident analysis method, and the necessity and possibility of the application of this systemic method in the field of occupational health were reviewed. Methods: A STAMP model for accident analysis was created based on the previously published literature. CAST analysis was performed to find the causal factors of the components and between the components. Results: The STAMP model visually showed the abstract and complex system control structure. The CAST analysis results could include all the causal factors from the previously published literature, and presented them holistically. Additional causal factors that were not presented in the literature were found. Conclusions: The holistic accident analysis results in this study will be helpful to establish comprehensive measures to prevent methanol or other chemical poisoning accidents. Therefore, it will be necessary to use systemic accident analysis methods in the field of occupational health.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.3-20
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• 2017

본 연구는 원/달러 환율, 엔/달러 환율, 위안/달러 환율 사이의 관계를 분석하였다. 전통적인 공적분 방법은 환율 변수 사이에 공적분 관계를 명확하게 판별하기 어려운 것으로 알려졌다. 이를 고려하여 분수공적분 방법과 진동수영역의 인과성 분석이 이용되었다. 분석 결과 환율변수 사이에 분수공적분 관계가 존재하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 환율 사이에 장기적으로 동조화가 이루어지지만, 충격으로 발생한 이탈은 상당 기간 지속하는 장기기억을 가지는 것을 의미한다. 시간영역의 인과성 분석과 진동수영역의 인과성 분석결과는 다소 차이가 있지만, 원/달러 환율을 예측하는 데 엔/달러 환율이 유용한 것으로 나타났다. 분수공적분 접근방법과 진동수영역의 인과성 분석을 적절하게 활용한다면 기존 방법으로부터 설명되지 못하는 유용한 정보를 획득할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 1992

The primary objective of this study is to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on user satisfaction with recreational facilities in Children's Grand Park in Pusan City, theregby to establish the developmental way of urban park and open space. To test the causal models of this research, the data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires from 1085 households in Pusan City which were selected by the multi-stage probability sampling method. The analysis of the data primarily consists of two phase : The fist analysis dealt exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational facilities in Children's Grand Park and the second analysis tested the fit of the causal models of this research by employing LISREL methodology. The factor analysis identified that five factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational facilities. The five factors of satisfaction with recreational facilities are convenience and maintanance facilities, learnded recreational facilities, spaces for repose and relaxation, spaces for active recreation failities, and facilities for health and physical facilities. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational facilities to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with Children's Grand Park, other endogenous factors and exogenous variables. Overall fits of both causal models were very good. Among endogenous factors, facilities for repose and relaxation, facilities for convenience and maintenance, learnded recreational facilities were identified as having significant effects on overall satisfaction. Exogenous variables which have significant effects on endogenous variables were also identified. These significant relationships indicate important factors and variables that should be considered in planning and development of urban park and open space. On the basis of these significant causal relationships, way for delovepment of urban park and open space were suggested.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2024

Background: Learning from incidents for accident prevention is a two-stage process, involving the investigation of past accidents to identify the causal factors, followed by the identification and implementation of remedial measures to address the identified causal factors. The focus of past research has been on the identification of causal factors, with limited focus on the identification and implementation of remedial measures. This research begins to contribute to this gap. The motivation for the research is twofold. First, previous analyses show the recurring nature of accidents within the Ghanaian mining industry, and the causal factors also remain the same. This raises questions on the nature and effectiveness of remedial measures identified to address the causes of past accidents. Secondly, without identifying and implementing remedial measures, the full benefits of accident investigations will not be achieved. Hence, this study aims to assess the nature of remedial measures proposed to address investigation causal factors. Method: The study adopted SMARTER from business studies with the addition of HMW (H - Hierarchical, M - Mapping, and W - Weighting of causal factors) to analyse the recommendations from 500 individual investigation reports across seven different mines in Ghana. Results: The individual and the work environment (79%) were mostly the focused during the search for causes, with limited focus on organisational factors (21%). Forty eight percentage of the recommendations were administrative, focussing on fixing the problem in the immediate affected area or department of the victim(s). Most recommendations (70.4%) were support activities that only enhance the effectiveness of control but do not prevent/mitigate the failure directly. Across all the mines, there was no focus on evaluating the performance of remedial measures after their implementation. Conclusion: Identifying sharp-end causes leads to proposing weak recommendations which fail to address latent organisational conditions. The study proposed a guide for effective planning and implementation of remedial actions.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2005

Purpose: The purposes are to identify the factors that influence work-based stressor experienced by clinical nurses and to provide a perceived causal structural model among these factors. Method: Data was collected and analyzed in 2 steps to apply a perceived causal structure : network analysis which was developed by Kelley(1983). Results: 1. The extracted causes from qualitative data were identified 10 categories ; over loaded work, relative feelings of deprived, inefficient duty schedule, negative attitudes of patient, burden of extra affair, inadequate administrative support, negative attitudes of physician, conflict with other personnels in hospital, lack of professional knowledge and skill, nursing service marketing burden. 2. Construction of the perceived causal structural model ; 1) The most central cause is over loaded work and the distal causes were inadequate administrative support, lack of professional knowledge and skill in the systems of causation. 2) The causes that have a number of outgoing link were over loaded work, inadequate administrative support, negative attitudes of physician. 3) The cause that have a number of incoming link was relative feelings of deprived. Conclusion: The network suggests that the first centre cause was related on over loaded work.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

본 논문은 "온워드:단 하루의 기적"의 사건의 인과 관계를, "업"과의 비교를 통해 검토했다. "업"의 경우, 먼저 원인이 있고, 주요 인물들은 거기서 생긴 목적의식을 가지고 행동한다. 그리고, 오프닝 장면에서, 괴물과 같은 새, 사람과 같은 개, 비행기보다 가벼운 비행선이, "업" 세계의 주민들에게 받아들여져 있어서, 이후 주인공이 풍선을 장착한 집을 타고 여행하거나, 괴물 같은 새와 말하는 개랑 교류하는 장면을, 시청자는 "업"의 공상 형식으로 이해한다. "온워드"의 경우도 먼저 원인이 있고, 주인공은 한결같은 목적의식을 가진다. 그런데, 목적을 이루는 방법으로서, 게임의 문제 해결 방식을 택하는데, 게임과 현실과의 인과 관계가 없어서, 설득력이 있는 선택이 안 된다. 또, 주인공이 만나는 장애들은 게임의 아이템들이 많은데, 게임 세계의 정보가 부족해서, 장애가 된 원인과 목적이 불분명하다. 따라서 주인공과의 대립 구도가 희미하여, 게임 세계에 대한 수수께끼만 남는다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.87-97
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• 1991

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on user's satisfaction with recreational activities in Daeshin Natural Park, thereby establishing directions of development of urban parks. To test the causal models of this research, the data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires form 627 households in Pusan City which were selected by the multi-stage probability sampling method. The analysis of the data primarily consists of two-phase: The first analysis dealt exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in satisfaction with recreational activities in Daeshin Natural Park and the second analysis tested the fit of the causal models of this research by employing LISREL methodology. The factor analysis identified that three factors are involved in satisfaction with recreational actitives. The three factors of satisfaction with recreational activities are facilities for health and phisical exercise, group recreational activity, maintenance activity. The second phase analysis tested the fit of the causal models for satisfaction with recreational activity to the data and identified statistically significant causal linkage among overall satisfaction with Daeshin Natural Park, other endogenous factors and exogenous variables.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.365-376
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• 2022

This study aims to look into the causal relationships between corporate social responsibility and firm value, corporate social responsibility and institutional ownership, and firm value and institutional ownership. This study develops a triangle model of causal relationships among the three endogenous variables. Samples for this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018. The model is operated in the system of simultaneous equation models using the generalized method of moments technique to estimate parameter coefficients. After controlling the effects of trade-off/balancing capital structure and managerial ownership, the research findings show a positive causal relationship between CSR and firm value and firm value and institutional ownership. Institutional ownership has a positive effect on CSR, while the effect of CSR on institutional ownership is negative in the firms without managerial ownership and positive in the firms with managerial ownership. This study finds that the causal relationship between CSR and firm value is stronger after the trade-off/balancing of capital structure is included in the model. Capital structure has a convex effect on firm value and positively impacts institutional ownership. In addition, an independent commissioner has a negative impact on CSR but has no direct impact on firm value.