• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2011

This study was carried out to examine the effect of cattle manure and chemical fertilizer application on productivity and nutritive value of silage corn in the reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon at Dangjin Province in Korea. The cultivars of silage corn used in this experiment were Kwangpyungok and Pioneer (P32B33). The fertilizer was applied according to recommended dose of application. The reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon was created for farming in 1985 and approximately 5 to 10 years ago rice was cultivated in full-scale. Recently, reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon has a limitation to cultivate the crops, due to increased salinity caused by drought and poor drainage system. The total area of reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon was 305 ha, and silage corn was sown on 149 ha of the reclaimed paddy field in nine regions, such as Songsan 28 A and B, Songsan 27 A and B, Songsan 42 A, B and C, and Songsan 43 A and B. The productivity and nutritive value of corn were evaluated collected from each of nine experimental regions. Dry matter (DM) yields of P32B33 in Songsan 28 A and B, and Songsan 27 A were 13 to 15 ton/ha and it was increased 3 to 5 ton/ha as compared to those of Songsan 27 B. DM yields of Kwangpyungok in Songsan 42 A, and Songsan 43 A and B were 23 to 27 ton/ha and it was increased 15 to 16 ton/ha as compared to Songsan 42 A and B. The nutritive value of corn was not significantly different between Kwangpyungok and P32B33, but the yield of Kwangpyungok corn silage was higher compared to P32B33. Therefore, this study suggests that good drainage system is important to maintain normal growth and productivity of corn in the reclaimed paddy field.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.845-854
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• 2009

There has been increased concern regarding the release of antibiotics to different environmental compartments due to the possibility of the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, limited information is available regarding the occurrence, fate, and transport of antibiotics in Korea in both the aqueous phase and in solid phases such as sediment and soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor the concentration of released antibiotics in surface water, sediment, and soil adjacent to a cattle manure composting facility in Korea. Specifically, the following six antibiotics were monitored: tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfathiazole (STZ). To extract and quantify the antibiotics from different environmental compartments, solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) techniques were adopted. The concentration of the six antibiotics ranged from below the detection limit (BDL) to 0.71 ${\mu}g$/L in surface water, from BDL to 27.61 ${\mu}g$/L in sediment, and from 0.12 to 157.33 ${\mu}g$/L in soil. In addition, higher concentrations of antibiotics were observed in surface water and sediment at locations closer to the composting facility indicating that composting is the source of the antibiotics found in the environment. Furthermore, higher concentrations of antibiotics were observed in the solid phase (sediment and soil) than the aqueous phase. These findings indicate that the possibility of antibiotic resistant bacteria is increased because such bacteria are more stable in the solid phase. Overall, longterm monitoring of the aqueous phase and solid phase is necessary to gain a better understanding of the impact of antibiotics from source on the environment in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seeding date on agronomic characteristics, productivity and feed value of Italian ryegrass, barley and rye during cropping after rice in Suwon, middle region of Korea, during 2004 and 2005. In general, early seeding (26 September) showed longer plant length and branch numbers per square meter than late sowing (11 October). Italian ryegrass had more early seeding effect than barley and rye. The yield of each plant was affected by sowing date in all experiments: the earlier seeding had higher yields than late seeding. In case of Italian ryegrass and barley as late-heading varieties showed more early seeding effect than rye. On the other hand, feed value tended to respond differently to yields. The feed value of each plant were based on liquid swine manure (12%) > composted cattle manure (7%) > composted swine manure (2%). The present results highlight the earlier planting obtained higher yield compared to those planted conventionally.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2007

The kinds and quantity of antimicrobial agents used for cattle (animal industry) may be considerable, suggesting the possibility that pathogenic bacteria which cannot be extirpated by the existing antimicrobial agents could appear. Ten cattle, pig and chicken farms, respectively, were randomly selected from 5 provinces in Korea and the samples were collected from excrement, manure, underground water, farmers' hands and the neishboring environment. h total of 299 samples were examined and 197 of Escherichia coli, 13 of Campylobacter jejun/coli, 223 of Enterococcus faecium/faecalis and 42 of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected. All isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance: 69.4% of E. coli (137/197 strains), 78.6% of S. aureus (33/42 strains), and 82.1% of E. faecium/faecalis (183/223 strains) were resistant to one antimicrobial agent and all of C. jejuni/coli Isolates showed the resistance to one antimicrobial agent. Meanwhile, the multiple resistance ratio for more than 4 lines of antimicrobial agent was 19.2% of E. coli (38/197 strains), 11.9% of S. aureus (5/42 strains), 15.4% of C. jejuni/coli (2/13 strains) and 6.2% of E. faecium/faecalis (14/223 strains). The antimicrobial resistance ratio of bacteria isolated from the cattle farm showed lower than that of bacteria isolated from the pig or chicken farm, which might be related to the quantify of antimicrobial agents consumed. And one strain of vancomycin resistant E..faecium (VREF) were isolated from the excrement of chicken and stream, respectively. Generally, the ratio of VREF collected in animal farm environments is lower than that of VREF collected in medical environment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1976

The studies were carried out to examine the effects of supplementation of nutritional substances and physical conditions in substrate on the mycelial growth and yield of fresh sporophores of winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes(Curt. ex Fr.) Sing. and to obtain further informations on the nutritional requirements of the fungus with reference to improvement of substrate through [analysis of chemical composition of the substrates during the cultivation period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The best yield of fresh sporophores, 84.4 g per 280 g substrate in a bottle, was obtained from the mixture of poplar sawdust 10 and rice bran 3 by volume when Flammulina velutipes was cultivated on the poplar sawdust supplemented by rice bran, wheat bran, cattle manure and various combinations of these materials as nutrient sources. The substrates of poplar sawdust 10 plus rice bran 3 and 2 or wheat bran 3 with a higher yield of fresh sporophores showed a comparatively higher content of total nitrogen. total sugar, and potassium. 2. The mycelial growth of the fungus was compared on the substrates of poplar sawdust supplemented by the several nutrient sources and poplar sawdust alone. The fastest linear growth occurred on substrates of poplar sawdust alone and poplar sawdust plus cattle manure deficient in sugar and nitrogen sources, but mycelial density was more sparse on the substrates. Also, growth in a solution extracted from these substrates was very meager. 3. In the substrates which varied with bulk density and moisture content optimum bulk density and moisture content for mycelial growth was 0.2g/cc and 72% on a dry weight basis, respectively, but the highest yield of fresh sporophores was obtained at the bulk density of 0.3g/cc and moisture content of 67%. 4. By increasing the ratio of rice bran in poplar sawdust the loss of total weight and ash, content at each stage was increased, and during the cultivation period of 75 days, loss of total weight of the substrates at inoculation was 17.8 to 28.8% and ash content increased about 12%. 5. 11 to 14% of the cellulose and 3 to 4% of the lignin content per original substrate were decreased without a great difference depending of the mixing ratio of rice bran. The soluble glucose concentration in the substrates was increased during the same period. 6. In the process of vegetative and reproductive growth of the fungus upon the substrates, the total nitrogen was increased in quantity per dry weight of sample but was reduced in absolute quantity to a minute extent. There is no great changes in content of organic nitrogen including amino acid nitrogen, and hydrolysable ammonium nitrogen during the vegetative growth period, but occurrence of sporophores resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen content of these forms. On the one hand, by an increase of additive amounts of rice bran, nitrogen contents of these forms were higher and the reduction range during the reproductive growth period became wider. 7. Mycelial growth of the fungus was accelerated in various liquid media supplemented with organic nitrogen sources such as peptone and yeast extract in comparison with addition of inorganic nitrogen sources. Furthermore, mycelial growth was mere vigorous in the media with higher content of organic nitrogen sources.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.253-263
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• 2002

To test for the effect of applied fertilizer and nutrients on uptake and transport for paddy rice, two paddy field trials were conducted with Dongjinbyeo in degenerated salt paddy field of Jeonbuk series from 1999 to 2000. After experiment, soil acidity, content of organic matter phosphate, silicate, potassium, calcium, and total nitrogen was increased by application of fresh cattle manure(FCM). Content of Nitrogen in soil layer leached inorganic nitrogen $NO_3$ was higher that that of $NH_4$ and was high in treatment of FCM. Content of $PO_4$ was higher in FCM than other treatments. But content of potassium was in high control. During the growth of rice plant, the amount of water consumption was 477mm. The amount of supplied nitrogen was high in treatment of no nitrogen(NN), 20% reduced application of LCU(LCU-20%), and no fertilizer. In case of phosphate, the supplied amount was more than the consumed amount with the exception of treatment "no phosphate(NP) and no fertilizer(NF)". In case of potassium, the consumed amount was more than the supplied amount in all treatments. The amount of applied nitrogen in the nutrient infiltrated water was high in treatment soil test(ST), C+FCM+Si(Silicate) and the ratio of recovered nitrogen was high in 20% reduced application of LCU. The amount of applied phosphate in the nutrient infiltrated water was high in FCM and that of applied potassium was high in 20% reduced application of LCU. Nitrogen use efficiency of paddy rice was high in 20% reduced application of LCU and use efficiency of phosphate and potassium was high in C+Si(Silicate). Grain yield of rice was high in order of 20% reduced application of LCU>C+Si=C+FCM+Si>C+FCM.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2014

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.129-137
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• 2000

In this study, biological treatment process of MWWT(Municipal wet-waste Treatment) has been developed through a moduling of the containerized closed ATAD(Auto thermal aerobic digestion) system & closed vertical dynamic acerator, which were used for food waste and cattle manure, respectively. Though biological process has several advantages such as low concentrations of heavy metals and salts, proper and stable C/N ratio and constant reaction rate against the process treating two wastes separately, it has a obstacles of salt concentration and much usage of bulking agent such as wood chip. After rapid oxidation in the boxed tower reactor for 5 days, the content of sewage sludge would be reduced 65% on around, might be mixed with the food waste that had been treated in the static closed reactor during 6 days and put in the secondary static reactor for curing. During composting process, the odor contained in the gas generated from the reactor was removed by passing it through a biofilter as well as the leachate was treated in the wastewater treatment facility. Consequently, it seemed to be possible to compost sewage sludge at mild and stable operating condition and at low cost through the biological ATAD process resulting in the production of organic compost satisfying the specifications regulated by itself.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2022

In this study, the appropriate unit cost in grassland establishment was redeveloped by the grassland establishment method and work criteria. The grassland establishment method was divided into tillage establishment (all logging) and no-tillage establishment (all logging and partial logging). The price for the work criteria by the establishment method was presented for each permission/authorization and establishment work. In permission/authorization for grassland establishment, the cost of each work criteria was of environmental impact (small scale environmental impact) assessment, disaster impact assessment, cadastral serving fee, forest survey, and connection fee for control of mountainous districts. In establishment was of logging, cleaning/gruffing, plowing/soil preparation, seeding, fertilization, livestock manure compost, seed, herbicide, labor cost (fertilizer, seed and herbicide), soil consolidation, cattle trail, and fence. The unit cost of grassland establishment was KRW 115,894,212 for the tillage establishment, and KRW 110,281,572 and KRW 106,680,122 for the all and partial logging of the no-tillage establishment, respectively. The current study redeveloped the establishment method, work criteria, and estimation of the unit cost of grassland establishment. It can be usefully used to carry out government projects to support related to establishment and maintenance of grassland.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2009

This research was performed to figure out the optimal mixing ratio of food- to livestock wastewater for the best degradation of organic matter in the anaerobic digestion. The presence of various microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, was also investigated in both wastewater in this process. Enteric bacteria were only found in livestock wastewater, whereas pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus were detected in both wastewater. The optimal mixing ratio of food- to livestock wastewater for the best mineralization was found to fifty to fifty, with reduction ratios of $BOD_5$, CODcr SS as 23.2%, 24.7%, 19.7%, respectively. Hygiene of the digested sludge was also analyzed by counting the number of total colonies and various pathogens. Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli were barely detected in 10 days after reaction. Meanwhile, S. aureus was gradually reduced during reaction, even showing 1,000~5,000 CFU/mL in final days.