• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2010

Modification of proteins by the reversible covalent addition of the small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) protein has important consequences affecting target protein stability, sub-cellular localization, and protein-protein interactions. SUMOylation involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions, which resembles the process of ubiquitination. In this study, we characterized the SUMOylation system from an important crop plant, rice, and show that it responds to cold, salt and ABA stress conditions on a protein level via the accumulation of SUMOylated proteins. We also characterized the transcriptional regulation of individual SUMOylation cascade components during stress and development. During stress conditions, majority of the SUMO cascade components are transcriptionally down regulated. SUMO conjugate proteins and SUMO cascade component transcripts accumulated differentially in various tissues during plant development with highest levels in reproductive tissues. Taken together, these data suggest a role for SUMOylation in rice development and stress responses.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.134-142
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• 2018

Organ growth is fundamental to animal development. One of major mechanisms for growth control is mediated by the conserved Hippo signaling pathway initially identified in Drosophila. The core of this pathway in Drosophila consists of a cascade of protein kinases Hippo and Warts that negatively regulate transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Activation of Yki promotes cell survival and proliferation to induce organ growth. A key issue in Hippo signaling is to understand how core kinase cascade is activated. Activation of Hippo kinase cascade is regulated in the upstream by at least two transmembrane proteins Crumbs and Fat that act in parallel. These membrane proteins interact with additional factors such as FERM-domain proteins Expanded and Merlin to modulate subcellular localization and function of the Hippo kinase cascade. Hippo signaling is also influenced by cytoskeletal networks and cell tension in epithelia of developing organs. These upstream events in the regulation of Hippo signaling are only partially understood. This review focuses on our current understanding of some upstream processes involved in Hippo signaling in developing Drosophila organs.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.362-369
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• 2016

The shock-free inflow criterion applied in the development of two-dimensional cascade for turbomachinery design. The developed cascade analysis with potential flow calculation through a panel method has been used to determine the shock-free inflow condition. The combination between cascade analysis and PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm provides an opportunity to develop a diagram of a two-dimensional parameter cascade at various airfoil shapes. Analytical equations have been derived from the diagram that will facilitate the turbomachinery designer in applying the shock-free inflow criterion on their developed cascade. This method has been used to develop the very low head axial hydraulic turbine and provides excellent results of numerical and actual prototype performances.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.1975-1980
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• 2004

The three-dimensional flow in a turbine nozzle guide vane passage causes large secondary loss through the passage and increased heat transfer on the blade surface. In order to reduce or control these secondary flows, a linear cascade with a contoured endwall configuration was used and changes in the three-dimensional flow field were analyzed and discussed. Measurements of secondary flow velocity and total pressure loss within the passage have been performed by means of five-hole probes. The investigation was carried out at fixed exit Reynolds number of $4.0{\times}10^5$. The objective of this study is to document the development of the three-dimensional flow in a turbine nozzle guide vane cascade with modified endwall. The results show that the development of passage vortex and cross flow in the cascade composed of one flat and one contoured endwalls are affected by the flow acceleration which occurs in contoured endwall side. The overall loss is reduced near the flat endwall rather than contoured endwall.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.719-725
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• 2009

An efficient time-domain numerical method for the analysis of broadband noise generation and propagation due to turbulence-cascade interaction is developed. The core algorithm of the present method is based on the B-periodicity of the acoustic response function of the flat-airfoil cascade to the ingesting gust(B denotes the number of airfoils in the cascade). To confirm this periodicity, gust-cascade interaction problem are solved by using the time-domain method, which shows that the incident gust with the circumferential mode number having the same remainders when divided by the airfoil number excites the same acoustic response of the cascade. Using the proposed fast algorithm with this periodicity, we show that the total computation time for the model broadband problem using the total 525 incident gust modes can be reduced to about 1/4 of that taken in using the previous time-domain program.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.477-482
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• 2009

An efficient time-domain numerical method for the analysis of broadband noise generation and propagation due to turbulence-cascade interaction is developed. The core algorithm of the present method is based on the B-periodicity of the acoustic response function of the flat-airfoil cascade to the ingesting gust (B denotes the number of airfoils in the cascade). To confirm this periodicity, gust-cascade interaction problem are solved by using the time-domain method, which shows that the incident gust with the circumferential mode number having the same remainders when divided by the airfoil number excites the same acoustic response of the cascade. Using the proposed fast algorithm with this periodicity, we show that the total computation time for the model broadband problem using the total 525 incident gust modes can be reduced to about 1/4 of that taken in using the previous time-domain program.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.78-87
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• 1992

The experimental study and theoretical analysis are made in order to investigate a new refrigeration system, R-22 and R-502 or R-13 cascade compressor with panel type cooler, for tuna long liner. The experimental apparatus consists with the cascade unit, 1.5 HP R-502 compressor in the first stage and 1 HP R-22 compressor in the second stage, and 3 $m^2$ cold storage room with a direct expansion panel type cooler. The main result are as follows: 1. The energy saving and C.O.P. of the R-22 and R-502 or R-22 and R-13 cascade are improved much higher than two stage compressor. 2. For the point of simplicity of design, installation, and running cost, the panel type cooler is much better than traditional hair pin coil type cooler. 3. From the experimental data and analysis, the R-22 and R-502, or R-22 and R-13 cascade compressor with panel type cooler is recommended for a new refrigeration equipment of the tuna long liner.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2016.04a
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• pp.700-703
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• 2016

OpenCV(Open Computer Vision)에서 제공하는 얼굴 검출 알고리즘은 Haar-like feature와 Cascade 방식을 이용하여 얼굴의 패턴을 찾아내 얼굴을 검출한다. 그러나 우연히 얼굴이 아닌 곳이 얼굴과 유사한 패턴일 경우, 얼굴로 인식하는 오류를 범하게 된다. 따라서 본 논문은 MCT(Modified Census Transform)와 신경망을 이용하여 잘못된 얼굴 검출 영역을 감소시키는 알고리즘을 제안한다. MCT는 다양한 조명 조건에서도 강인한 얼굴 영상의 지역적 구조 특징을 추출하기 위하여 사용되고, 신경망 알고리즘은 Haar-Cascade 알고리즘의 얼굴 검출 방법으로 검출된 영역이 실제로 얼굴인지 아닌지를 판단하기 위하여 사용된다. 실험에서 사용된 6개의 데이터들은 인터넷에서 수집한 것으로서, Haar-Cascade 알고리즘의 얼굴 검출 방법으로 얼굴을 검출하였을 때 오검출된 영역이 1개 이상 존재한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘으로 실험한 결과, Haar-Cascade 알고리즘의 얼굴 검출 방법에 비하여 오검출된 영역이 감소된 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.430-437
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• 2020

In this research, the anti-windup techniques for the cascade control system are newly developed. Cascade control system has an additional internal feedback control loop to reject disturbances better than the conventional control system. Remarkable difference between the conventional single-loop control system and the cascade control system is the interaction that the controller output saturation of the secondary control loop strongly affects the integral action of the primary control loop. In industry, local back calculation anti-windup method has been mainly used for each controller without considering the interaction between the two controllers. But it cannot eliminate the integral-windup of the primary controller originated from the saturation of the secondary controller output. To solve the problem, the two anti-windup techniques of the cascade conditional integration and the cascade back calculation are proposed in this research by extending the local anti-windup techniques for the single-loop control system to the cascade control system. Simulation confirmed that the proposed methods can effectively remove the integral windup of the primary controller caused by the saturation of the secondary controller output and show good control performances for various types of processes and controllers. If the reliability of the proposed methods is proved through the applications to real processes in the future, they would highly contribute to improving the control performances of the cascade control system in industry.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.2303-2311
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• 2005

Super low temperature has many applications nowadays, from the chemical processing, automotives manufacturing, plastic recycling, etc. Considering of its wide application in the present and the future, study of the super-low temperature refrigeration system should be actively carried out. Super low state temperature can be achieved by using multi-stage refrigeration system. This paper present the development and testing of cascade refrigerator system for achieving super-low temperature. On this experiment, two different types of HCFCs refrigerants are utilized, R-22 and R-23 were applied for the high stage and the low-pressure stage respectively. The lowest temperature in the low-pressure evaporator that can be achieved by this cascade refrigeration system is down to $-85^{\circ}C$. This experiment is aimed to study the effect of inlet pressure of the low-pressure stage evaporator and low-pressure stage compressors inlet pressure characteristics to the overall temperature characteristics of cascade refrigeration system.