• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1992

The use of erythrocyte as drug carrier has been reviewed, Carrier erythrocytes have proven to offer many advantages for delivery of therapeutic agents, especially in the treatment of inherited enzyme deficiency and cancer. Carrier erythrocytes are biodegradable and nonimmunogenic. Encapsulated drugs may be protected from premature degradation, inactivation and excretion. Carrier erythrocytes may be used as a slow-release system. Targeting of encapsulated drugs directly to a site of action is another possibility. Methods for encapsulating drugs into erythrocytes, the fate of carrier erythrocytes in vivo, the strategies of targeting carrier erythrocytes to special organs and in vivo applications of erythrocytes have been discussed. The encapsulation of drugs in erythrocytes has shown attractive possibilites in future use.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제71권
• /
• pp.147-170
• /
• 2016

International maritime law conventions concerned with cargo liabilities have sought to achieve solutions which will be acceptable to a wide range of states. The Rotterdam Rules was approved by the UN Assembly on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules are intended to replace The Hague and Hamburg Rules. This paper is comparing The Rotterdam Rules with The Hague and Hamburg Rules for the carrier' liabilities and exceptions in order to find carrier' liability System, the burden of proof and exceptions in the International maritime Rules. The purpose of this paper is considering the carrier's principal recourse for defending himself inmost cargo claims. The first area analyze the transfer of carrier's fundamental Liability system in the International Rules. The second is the matter on the appointment of proof in order to establish liability or to be relieve of liability. And the third is the change of the carrier's possible exclusions from liability in the International maritime Rules. From the result of the said analysis, my paper suggests differences of the exclusions in the Rotterdam Rules comparing with the Hague and Hamburg Rules, and features of the Rotterdam Rules appling exceptions on the basis of the Hague and Hamburg Rules with regard to carrier's liability and burden of proof. The former is the inclusion of three exclusions, the deleted natural fault, and The provision making the carrier responsible for the acts of its servants or agents in the 'fire on the ship' of the Rotterdam Rules. The latter is deleting the principle of overriding obligation related to carrier's obligation of seaworthiness in the Rotterdam Rules, the burden of proof being diverted from the carrier to the carrier and the shipper in the cargo damage caused by two factors(one for which the carrier was liable and the other for which it was excusable) in the new rules.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국해양정보통신학회 2001년도 추계종합학술대회
• /
• pp.675-679
• /
• 2001

본 논문에서는 다중경로 레일리 페이딩 채널에서의 슬롯 ALOHA 광대역 DS-CDMA 시스템과 슬롯 ALOHA Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA 시스템의 throughput을 유도하였다. 다중경로 레일리 페이딩 채널을 빠른 (fast) 페이딩과 느린 (slow) 페이딩 채널로 구분하고, 이를 광대역 DS-CDMA 시스템과 Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA 시스템에서 패킷 길이 (N$_{d}$ 에 따라 비교, 검토하였다. 그 결과, Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA 시스템은 동일한 대역폭을 사용하는 광대역 DS-CDMA 보다 시스템 용량은 감소하였으나 시스템의 throughput 면에서 보다 좋음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 빠른 레일리 페이딩 채널에서는 Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA 시스템의 패킷 길이를 소형화하여 전송함으로서 throughput을 높이는 것이 효과적이며, 느린 레일리 페이딩 환경에서는 Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA 시스템의 시스템 용량을 증가시키거나, 패킷 길이를 적정하게 길게 하는 것이 효과적이다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제33권4A호
• /
• pp.440-449
• /
• 2008

본 논문에서는 Inmarsat M4 시스템의 수신기의 실제 구현에 적합한 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) carrier recovery loop를 제안한다. Inmarsat M4 시스템 규격에서 권고하는 frequency tolerance는 ${\pm}924\;Hz$ (Signal bandwidth: 33.6 kHz) 로서 이러한 상대적으로 큰 주파수 옵셋 환경에서 안정된 동작이 가능한 carrier recovery loop 설계가 요구된다. 일반적인 PLL(Phase Locked Loop) 만을 이용한 carrier recovery loop는 상대적으로 큰 주파수 옵셋 환경에서 안정적인 성능을 보장할 수 없으며, 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 상대적인 주파수 옵셋이 큰 환경에서도 안정적이 동작이 가능한 Inmarsat M4 시스템을 위한 carrier recovery loop 루프를 제안한다. 제안된 carrier recovery loop는 우선 carrier recovery 이전에 UW 신호 detection 을 위해 주파수 옵셋에 강인한 differential filter 기반의 noncoherent 방식의 detector를 이용하여 UW detection을 수행하였으며, 이후 초기 주파수 옵셋 포착을 위해 UW(Unique Word) 신호를 이용한 차동 방식의 CP(Cross Product)-AFC를 적용하였다. 또한 일반적으로 알려진 16-QAM NDA (Non Data Aided) 방식 대신 안정적인 jitter 성능을 위하여 16-QAM DD(Decision Directed) 방식의 PLL 을 적용하여 위상 추적을 수행하였으며, 성능 검증을 통해 제안된 16-QAM carrier recovery loop가 만족스러운 성능과 신뢰성 있는 동작이 가능함을 입증하였다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
• /
• 제4권4호
• /
• pp.195-203
• /
• 2015

In this study, the carrier acceleration-ramp-step test was applied to GPS carrier phase measurements, and the results were compared and analyzed. In the carrier acceleration-ramp-step test, the acceleration, ramp, and measurements are estimated using 10 consecutive carrier phase measurements for satellites observed at the same time based on the least square method. As for the characteristic of this test, if failure occurs in the measurement, the value jumps significantly compared to the previous result; but it judges that failure has occurred in all the satellites although failure has occurred in one satellite. Therefore, in this study, a method that eliminates a satellite with failure was suggested, and thresholds of the carrier acceleration, ramp, and step were suggested. The evaluation of the failure detection performance of carrier phase measurement using the suggested thresholds showed that failure could be detected when the carrier phase measurement changed abruptly by more than about 0.1 cycles.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2005

본 논문에서는bulk dynamic threshold voltage MOSFET(B-DTMOS)와 bulk MOSFET(B-MOS)에서 hot carrier 현상으로 인한 RF 성능 저하를 비교하였다. Normal 및 moderate 모드에서 B-DTMOS의 차단주파수 및 최소잡음지수의 열화가 B-MOS 소자 보다 심하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 실험 견과로부터 hot carrier에 의한 RF 성능 저하가 DC 특성 열화 보다 심함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 처음으로 hot carrier 현상으로 인한 B-DTMOS 소자의 RF 전력 특성 저하를 측정하였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산유체공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2008

The numerical simulation on the internal flow characteristics of the adaptor in a two-fluid nozzle has been performed to investigate the effects of carrier air supplying parameters using a commercial code. The four adaptor models with the different positions in the carrier air supplying port were considered at the fixed conditions of urea-water solution and carrier air supplying. As the results from the numerical analysis, the internal pressure of the adaptor was varied with the port position for carrier air supplying, and it shows lower pressure value than the atmospheric pressure. Consequently, the flowrate of urea-water solution issuing from the feeding injector with the adaptor varied up to 30% with the port positions for the carrier air supplying. When the carrier air is supplied from the side from the feeding injector axis and the upper part from the feeding injector tip, the flowrate of urea-water solution issuing from the feeding injector with the adaptor show higher value than other carrier air supplying conditions.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 1990

Rhizobium균을 이용하여 근류균 접종제를 생산하기 위한 기초연구로 우수한 증량제(carrier material)를 선발하고, 근류균의 접종량, carrier의 숙성 및 보존온도, 멸균조건등 근류균 접종제 생산을 위한 각종 조건을 확립하기 위하여 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 근류균 접종제 생산을 위한 carrier material source로는 퍼라이트 및 토탄이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 근류균의 접종량(inoculum size)에 따른 경시적 생존율은 접종초기 $10^4cells/g$ 이하의 균주를 접종하여도 1~2주후에는 $5{\times}10^8cells/g$로 증가하여 $10^8cells/g$ 접종구와 비슷한 균수를 나타내었다. 3. Carrier의 숙성 및 보존온도에 따른 근류균의 경시적 생존율은 특별한 보온이나 냉장시설없이 실온($20^{\circ}C$) 보존에서도 $10^9cells/g$의 높은 균수가 12주째까지 유지되었다. 4. Carrier의 멸균방법에 따른 근류균의 경시적 생존율은 가압습열멸균 처리구에서 생존율이 가장 양호하였으나 각 처리에 따른 큰 차이는 볼 수 없었고, 특히 퍼라이트의 경우에는 멸균처리없이도 12주째 까지 $10^9cells/g$ 이상의 높은 균수를 유지하였다.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제40권
• /
• pp.97-144
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to review the text of national legislation relating to the carrier's liability in respect of the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air in major states such as United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Russia and China, and to compare the air carrier's liability under the national legislations of above states with them under the Warsaw System relating to the international carriage by air. Also this paper reviews the text of the draft legislation relating to the carrier's liability in respect of the carriage by air in Korea. The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage was adopted in 1929. In 1999, the ICAO adopted the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air vastly modernizing the unification of private air law. The Montreal Convention replaced the instruments of the “Warsaw System”, and came into force on 4 November 2003. The Montreal Convention is not only an international convention. It has also exercised a considerable influence on national legislation. A the Convention, or certain of its principles, with the object of regulating their national air transport. The main feature of the liability regime of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention is the two-tier liability system for death or injury of the passenger with strict liability up to 100,000 SDR and presumptive liability with a reversed burden of proof without any limit above that threshold. The principles of the liability of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention have been adopted into national legislations by the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Russia and China. Now the Ministry of Justice of Korea is proceeding to make a new national legislation relating to the liability of the air carrier in respect of the carriage by air. The draft legislation of the Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Commercial Code of Korea has adopted the main principles of the liability of the air carrier under the Montreal Convention. In conclusion, the national legislation relating to the liability of the air carrier in Korea will contribute to settle efficiently the dispute on the carrier's liability in respect of the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 추계종합학술대회 논문집(1)
• /
• pp.85-88
• /
• 2000

In order to resolve problems according to the phase error in QPSK demodulator of the digital communication systems. The demodulator requires carrier recovery loop which searches for the frequency and phase of the carrier. In this paper the complexity of implementation is reduced by the reduction into half of the number of the multiplier in filter structure of the conventional carrier recovery loop, and as the drawback of NCO of the conventional carrier recovery loop wastes a amount of power for the structure of lookup table , We designed the structure of combinational logic without the lookup table. In the comparison with dynamic power of the proposed NCO, the power of NCO with the lookup table is 175㎼, NCO with the proposed structure is 24.65㎼. As the result, it is recognized that about one eight of loss power is reduced. In the simulation of carrier recovery loop designed QPSK demodulator, it is known that the carrier phase is compensated.