• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.189-210
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• 2009

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea(hereinafter referred to as "The Rotterdam Rules") on 11 December 2008. Rotterdam Rules aims to create a contemporary and uniform law providing for modern door-to-door container transport including an international sea leg. but not limited to port-to port carriage of goods. The structure of the liability regime in Rotterdam Rules are globally close to that of the Hague-Visby Rule even though it differs from that of the Hague-Visby Rules in some significant aspects. The Rotterdam Rules are very long. Therefore the Rotterdam Rules will be difficult to understand for even the skilled ship operator or owner or charterer or shipper or consignee or receiver because they are so complicated. This paper only seeks to highlight the salient features of the liability and limitation of liability regime under the Rotterdam Rules. It is expected that the harmonization and modernization of the international legal regime. coupled with the bold attempt to balance the carrier and cargo interests should lead to an overall reduction in transaction costs. increased predictability and greater commercial confidence for international business transactions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.25 no.6_2
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• pp.1071-1081
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• 2022

As the demand for high-rise buildings increases, the demand for high-speed elevators is also increasing. In order to make a high-speed elevator, a method is needed to reduce the weight of the elevator's components, which is a constraint on the increase in speed. As a measure to reduce the weight, it is possible to remove the traveling cable for power and signal supply. Since the weight of the traveling cable varies depending on the position of the carriage, it is difficult to compensate the weight using the counter weight. The power supply is a structure in which a brush-rail type power input terminal is installed in the elevator hoistway to receive power in a contact-type manner while the carriage is moving. If a small-capacity ESS is installed in a passenger car, power can be supplied uninterruptedly inside the passenger car. A small-capacity ESS charging system to be applied to such an elevator system is required to perform several functions. First, the passenger Car must be able to charge as much as possible even during high-speed operation. A control algorithm with high responsiveness is required because charging starts and ends repeatedly by the partially installed input power stage. In addition, if the input-side line impedance is large due to the structure of the system and the response characteristic is increased, the stability of the system may be lowered. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose a control algorithm that has a stable steady-state output while having a fast response in a transient state. To verify the proposed control algorithm, simulation was conducted using PSIM, and the performance of the controller was verified by manufacturing a prototype buck conveter charger.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.207-211
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• 2005

The Korean Tilting Train eXpress (TTX) with service speed of 180km/h have been developing using hybrid design concept combined with a sandwich composite structure for the carbody and stainless steel structure for the underframe to match the challenging demands with respect to cost efficient lightweight design for railway carriage structures. The sandwich composite structure was used to minimize the weight of the carbody, while the metal underframe was used to modify the design easily and to keep the strength of underframe for the installation of the electrical equipments. The sandwich composite structure was 23 meters long, 3 meters wide and 2.7 meters high, and cured as one body in a large autoclave equipment with the length of 30 meters and the diameter of 5 meters. The joint part between the carbody structure made of sandwich composites and the metal underframe was joined by the proposed design.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.71 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

It is necessary to predict subway induced vibration if a new subway is to be built. To obtain the vibration response reliably, a three-dimensional (3D) FEM model, consisting of the tunnel, the soil, the subway load and the building above, is established in MIDAS GTS NX. For this study, it is a six-story frame structure built above line 3 of Guangzhou metro. The entire modeling process is described in detail, including the simplification of the carriage load and the determination of model parameters. Vibration measurements have been performed on the site of the building and the model is verified with the collected data. The predicted and measured vibration response are used together to assess vibration level due to the subway traffic in the building. The No.1 building can meet work and residence comfort requirement. This study demonstrates the applicability of the numerical train-tunnel-soil-structure model for the serviceability assessment of subway induced vibration and aims to provide practical references for engineering applications.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2022

Normal strategy of structure optimization procedure has been minimum cost or weight design. Minimum weight design satisfying an allowable stress has been used for the ship and offshore structure, but minimum cost design could be used for the case of high human cost. Natural frequency analysis and forced vibration one have been used for the strength estimation of marine structures. For the case of high precision experiment facilities in marine field, the structure has normally enough margin in allowable stress aspect and sometimes needs high natural frequency of structure to obtain very high precise experiment results. It is not easy to obtain a structure design with high natural frequency, since the natural frequency depend on the stiffness to mass ratio of the structure and increase of structural stiffness ordinary accompanies the increase of mass. It is further difficult at the grillage structure design using the profiles, because the properties of profiles are not continuous but discrete, and resource of profiles are limited at the design of grillage structure. In this paper, the grillage structure design system under the constraint of high natural frequency is introduced. The design system adopted genetic algorithm to realize optimization procedure and can be used at the design of the experimental facilities of marine field such as a towing carriage, PMM, test frame, measuring frame and rotating arm.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2001

The spacer grid is one of the main structural components in the fuel assembly, which supports the fuel rods, guides cooling water, and protects the system from an external impact load, such as earthquakes. Therefore, the mechanical and structural properties of the spacer grids must be extensively examined while designing them. In this paper, a numerical method for predicting the buckling strength of spacer grids is presented. Numerical analyses on the buckling behavior of the spacer grids are performed for a various array of sizes of the grids considering that the spacer grid is an assembled structure with thin-walled plates and imposing proper boundary conditions by nonlinear dynamic finite element method using ABAQUS/Explicit. Buckling tests on several numbers of specimens of the spacer grid were also carried out in order to compare the results between the test and the simulation result. The drop test is accomplished by dropping a carriage on the specimen at a pre-determined position. From this test, the specimens are buckled only at the uppermost and the lowermost layer among the multi-cells, which is similar to the local buckling at the weakest point of the grid structure. The simulated results also similarly predicted the local buckling phenomena and were found to give good correspondence with the experimental values for the thin-walled grid structures.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1109-1116
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• 2009

To the development of construction techniques and construction of glass-walled structure is generalized. Existing wall to support the role of the vertical load was lose. Features and the beautiful side of the curtain wall job was to be highlighted. Carriage access to the interior of the windows will cause pain in the neck with a cold feeling. And in the windows, drafty windows, under floor heating occurs despite the condensation phenomenon occurs. droplets that occurs around the window (the cause of the mold) in summer and winter, the heat energy and move through the glass is warmer outside. Therefore, to reduce energy efficiency affects absolutely. When you apply heat to the carriage window, the surface of the glass system, the spread of the cold air does not occur. Therefore, energy savings cars and heating of the interior is cold.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.31-45
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• 1979

The writer has attempted in the present article first to investiqate whether shipping industry is poor countries' business more favourable to them, compared to wealthy nations in terms of comparative cost of operation and to analyse how can developing conntries afford to maintain a modern fleet; secondly to examine the economic aspect of the situation created by the UNCTAD V held in May this year, at which passed a resolution demanding "the right of all countries to an equitable participation in the carriage of cargoes generated by their own trade"; and thirdly to adduce conclusions. The article contains six chapters; chapter I is the introduction on the subject under examination; chapter II provides background information on the structure of the industry and of the operating cost of ship; chapter III addresses itself to the legal backgrounds of ensuring free transfer of resources among nations and free competition of shipping; chapter IV deals with the recent development of shipping nationalism of developing countries at the UNCTAD; chapter V discusses division of labour in shipping and in particular the survival mechanism of high-cost countries; and chapter Ⅵ sets forth conclusion.onclusion.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.138-144
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• 2004

Occupant protection in the side impact of a vehicle becomes one of the most important issues today. So, to reduce development time and cost, it needs test equipment which conducts an accurate simulation of the side impact crash. This paper describes a new test method for side impact, which utilizes a standard 12inch-HYGE-type sled facility. If a side impact sled test can simulate vehicle intrusion very well, it will contribute to develop full-scale side impact crash performance. The newly developed sled test method enables simulation for dummy motion, injury, door velocity, trim crack, and vehicle structure to be accurate. Ant also this sled test method can be applied to the development of side air-bag.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.627-634
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• 2014

Machine tool vibration is well known for reducing machining accuracy. Because vibration response of a linear structure generally depends on its transfer function if the magnitude of excitation were kept constant, this study introduces a RET(Random Excitation Test) based on FRF method to evaluate stiffness of a prototype HDMTL(Heavy-Duty Multi-Tasking Lathe) for large crankshaft of marine engine. Firstly, two force loops of the lathe and corresponding structural loops were identified:1) workpiece - spindle - head stock - main bed, 2) workpiece - tool post - carriage bed. Secondly, compliances of each structural loop were measured respectively using RET with a hydraulic exciter and then converted into stiffness. Finally, the measured stiffness was compared with that obtained previously by FEM analysis. As the result, both measured and computed stiffness were closely in agreement with each other. And the prototype HDMTL has evidently sufficient rigidity above ordinary heavy-duty lathes.