• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.337-347
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• 2009

Dental caries during infantile and early childhood period is a complex disease resulting from multiple caries factors. Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) plays a critical role in the initiation of caries, and its early transmission through mothers provides a strong etiologic factor for future development of caries in the primary dentition. Therefore, early detection of caries risk factor is important for prevention of caries. Recent studies about etiologic factors of caries have brought advent of various tools for caries risk assessment in order to predict progress of caries more accurately. Cariogram is a common tool for caries risk assessment, which illustrates present caries risk assessment and correlation of caries risk factors for an individual graphically. The aim of this study was to assess if there is any correlation in the level of S. mutans and caries activity and to verify the effect of caries risk factors between children with age ranging from 3 to 5 years with severe early childhood caries(S-ECC) and their mothers using caries-related salivary test and Cariogram. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Children with S-ECC had a statistically higher level of Streptococcus mutans compared to caries-free children(p<0.05). 2. There was significant correlation between mothers and their children in the aspect of the level of Streptococcus mutans(p<0.05). 3. When caries activity was assessed using Cariogram, significant correlation between mothers and their children was found(p<0.05). 4. When each caries risk factor was evaluated for its affect on caries activity, host was more influential factor compared to microorganism and diet in children. Based on these results, we could conclude that assessing the level of S. mutans can be an effective tool for predicting possibility of caries formation in future. Since prediction of future caries progression and evaluation of caries risk factor became possible with Cariogram, we may conduct early and preventive measures for treatment of caries.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.265-274
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• 2009

This study aims at examining the actual condition of recognition of dental caries(ACRDC), presenting a scheme to improve the recognition, and providing basic data necessary to prevent oral diseases, Dental caries (DC) which one of the three most important chronic diseases in Korea. A survey was conducted on ACRDC for about 390 people twenty and over who visited dental clinics for dental treatment 336 questionnaires with exception of omitted answer were used for statistical analysis. Many of them had never heard of DC and most of them failed to recognize it. People who experienced DC had a dental clinic as a main information channel and they were significant differences in those obtaining information through other channels(p=0.008). Univariate logistic regression analysis for effects on ACRDC demonstrated that possibility of subjects in their twenties recognizing DC more accurately than those in their forties Odds ratio(95% confidence Interval) was 2.06(1.16-3.66)(p=0.000), with the possibility of professionals recognizing the disease more accurately than those with other kinds of occupation 5.49(2.52-11.93)(p=0.000), showing statistically significant relevance. As for medical security, possibility of work insurance being related to more accurate recognition of dental caries than others was 1.95 (1.03-3.71)(p=0.003), with the possibility of subjects whose dental state was very good recognizing dental caries more accurately than those whose dental state was very bad 6.40(1.57-26.03) (p=0.002), showing statistically significant relevance. For prevention of DC, an education through experts working at a dental clinic are necessary for those in their twenties and over, who were other than professionals, who were insured for medical security via other than work insurance, and whose dental state was bad.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2013

This study was conducted to prepare the fundamental data on establishing an improvement plan for oral health promotion program, and to assess the effects of prevention to dental caries by incremental oral health care program among students of elementary school. The number of total subjects were 239 students in the care group who were controled incremental oral health care program and 195 students in the control group who were not controled incremental oral health care program. The sealant index was significantly more higher in care group than control group, especially the higher the grade. The sealant rate was significantly higher in care group than control group for all of grade. The DT index was significantly lower in care group than control group for male and female, the caries incidence rate of permanent tooth by gender was lower in male than female. The FT rate was more higher in care group than control group. The dental caries could be prevented very effectively when having continuously treated the incremental oral health care program at school dental clinic among elementary-school students. The author consider that this study will be prepare the fundamental data and contribute to oral health promotion according to a change in oral health behavior among elementary-school students. Therefore, the author recommend to expand applying the incremental oral health care program among students of elementary school.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was conducted to find out caries preventive effect on permanent teeth among children who brush teeth with fluoride-containing toothpaste by supervised weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program in elementary schools. Methods: The epidemiologic dental survey was performed on the elementary schoolchildren of supervised weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program (FMR) with 0.2 percent neutral sodium fluoride solution and control group in 2007. Caries preventive effect on permanent teeth by fluoride mouthrinsing program were calculated by DMFT index and DMFS index between FMR group and control group. Results: By DMFT index between FMR group and control group, caries rates on permanent teeth of the fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade children participating in FMR program were 34.1%, 40.8% and 31.5%, respectively. By the DMFS index between FMR group and control group, caries preventive rates on permanent teeth of the fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade children participating in FMR program were calculated 25.4%, 37.7% and 33.5%, respectively. Conclusions: We suggest that fluoride mouthrinsing program should be developed to all elementary schools to prevent dental caries.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to dental caries and periodontal disease in Korean adults. Methods: The subjects were 5,149 adults over 19 years old who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 statistical package program. The questionnaire consisted of 17 questions of independent variables and 2 kinds of dependent variables including dental caries and periodontal diseases by direct interview. The independent variables included 5 questions of general characteristics, 3 questions of health behavior, 5 questions of oral health behavior, and 4 questions of chronic diseases diagnosed by the doctors. Results: The prevalence rate of dental caries was higher in those who did not regularly work out and did not receive regular checkups including dental floss and dental brush use. The prevalence rate of periodontal diseases was higher in male adults, smokers, and those who were obese and had diabetes mellitus, poor oral health care habit without using dental floss and inter-dental brush. Conclusions: In order to prevent the dental caries in the adults, it is very important to do regular exercise and regular dental checkup. The best ways of dental caries prevention include tooth brushing after meal with use of dental floss and inter-dental brush. This study suggests that dental health promotion can be enhanced by smoking cessation, ideal body weight maintenance, timely tooth brushing after meal, and use of dental floss and inter-dental brush.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water fluoridation program(WFP) on dental caries prevention in Ulsan, Korea. Methods: The data of control group were extracted from 2012 Korean National Oral Health Survey(KNOHS). Since 1998, WFP was implemented in Ulsan. The subjects were 670 subjects including 10 to 12-years old children in 2009. The control subjects were 4,871 people in non-fluoridated metropolitan cities comparable to Ulsan. The control subjects were selected from 2012 KNOHS. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by the variables including oral health behaviors on daily frequency of toothbrushing, eating snacks and beverages. Oral health examination was carried out by two dentists who received a training in KNOHS with an inter-examiner-agreement. Caries preventive fraction was calculated by the difference of DMFT and DMFS index. The preventive effects of the WFP program were focused on gender, number of fissure sealed teeth, daily frequency of toothbrushing, eating snacks and beverages. Data were analyzed using SPSS $19.0^{(R)}$(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical package. Results: DMFT indices of 12-year-old subjects(n=670) in WFP and control population(n=4,871) were 2.11 and 1.23, respectively with an estimated prevention effect of 41.7%. Conclusions: WFP in Ulsan reduced the prevalence of dental caries. WFP should be recommended for the public oral health program in other metropolitan cities.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.38 no.1 s.368
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• pp.86-93
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• 2000

Water fluoridation in conjunstion with wide use of fluoride dentifrices has been a major factor responsible for the decline in dental caries during the second half of the 20th century throughout the world. The history of water of water fluoridation is a classic public health program leading to epidemiologic investigation and community-based public health dentistry program. Although other fluoride-containing products are available, water fluoridation remains as the most safe and cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to omost communities. regardless of age. educational attainment. or income levels,. This review deals with pros and cons of water fluoridation and prospective analysis of state-of-the-art on issues related to the use of fluoride. An "optimal" fluoride concentration of 0.7-1.2 ppm has been recommended for preventing dental caries with a minimal dental fluorosis and no systemic health consequences.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.448-454
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a water fluoridation program (WFP) on prevention of dental caries in Gimhae City, Korea, with reference to the results of 2012 Korean National Oral Health Survey (KNOHS). In WFP population, 972 subjects including 8-, 10- and 12-year-old children in Gimhae City were examined in 2009. The WFP in Gimhae city has been implemented since 1999. 1872 subjects in non-fluoridated small and medium sized cities similar to Gimhae city were selected from 2012 KNOHS data as the control population. Two dentists who received training in KNOHS with an inter-examiner-agreement examined oral health status of all subjects. To assess the effects of WFP on dental caries, caries preventive fraction was estimated by assessing the differences of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) index, DMFS in pit and fissures and smooth surfaces between WFP population and the control. Univariate analysis of variance adjusted for gender and number of fissure-sealed teeth or surfaces was conducted. DMFT of 12-year-old subjects (n=354) in WFP and control population (n=1,518) were 1.60 and 2.12, respectively, with an estimated prevention effect of 24.7%. Caries preventive fraction on pit and fissure, and smooth surfaces of WFP subjects was estimated 27.5% and 24.0%, among subjects aged 12 years, respectively. WFP in Gimhae City, Korea reduced the prevalence of dental caries and is recommended as a public oral health program where a fluoride-containing toothpastes are commonly used.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.127-138
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• 2008

Dental caries in infants is a representative oral disease causing the malocclusion of permanent dentition and developmental variations in the permanent teeth, so it is very important to manage caries in infants. Thus, in order to survey mothers who visited pediatric dentistry concerning their awareness of nursing bottle caries and to obtain data necessary for developing education materials to prevent nursing bottle caries, the present study conducted a survey using a self reporting questionnaire with 205 mothers who visited the Pediatric Dentistry of a dental hospital in Cheonan with a child aged below 5 during the period from June 7 to August 2 in 2008, and obtained results as follows. 1. The awareness of dental caries was highest in the group aged over 37 months 96.8%, and next in order of age 13~24 months 96.5%, 25~36 months 94.5%, and younger than 13 months 83.3%. 2. The awareness of nursing bottle caries was highest in infants aged over 37 months 58.7%, and next, in 13~24 months 57.9% and in 25~36 months 54.8%, and lowest in infants younger than 13 months 33.3%, suggesting the necessity of education on nursing bottle caries(p=0.423). 3. As to the time of the first visit to dental clinic, 50.0% of infants younger than 13 months, 52.6% of those aged 13~24 months, and 49.3% of those aged 25~36 months replied the completion of the eruption of primary teeth, and 36.5% of those aged over 37 months replied the occurrence of dental caries. Thus, the motives for visiting dental clinic were different among the age groups, and the differences were statistically significant(p=0.005). 4. The age of toothbrushing to be started by mother's opinion was 6 months in 0.5%, 12 months in 68.8%, 18 months in 22.9%, 24 months in 5.9%, and 25 months in 1.0%, and no statistically significant difference was observed according to age. 5. The number of toothbrushing was usually once a day after meal. and increased by in age was shown statistically significantly difference(p=0.035). 6. The most frequent method of preventing nursing bottle caries was regular toothbrushing in all the age groups, and next restriction of sugar intake, regular dental consultation, and fluoridation in order The most effective prevention of dental caries was regular visit to dental clinic and next, toothbrushing after meal.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.580-588
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• 2014

Fluoride use is the best and widespread method for dental caries prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate experience and recognition of fluoride for caries prevention focusing on majors in one university. Four hundred twenty-four university students were selected by convenience sampling with informed consent and answered the questionnaire by self recording type. The subjects except dental hygiene students knew about purpose of fluoride use (84.6%), over the count fluoride rinse (63.2%), fluoride toothpaste (61.5%), professional fluoride application (56.4%) and water fluoridation (43.6%). They experienced over the count fluoride rinse (67.5%), school fluoride rinse (45.3%), professional fluoride application (30.8%), fluoride toothpaste (28.2%) and water fluoridation (12.0%). The main information paths about fluoride were university lectures among dental hygiene students and internet and mass media, followed by nurse-teachers among non dental hygiene students. The ratios of intention to use fluoride were: 67.8% in dental hygiene, 34.9% in health, 51.4% in non-health in case of professional fluoride application for oneself, 93.1% in dental hygiene, 48.0% in health, 50.4% in non-health in case of professional fluoride application for their children, 79.0% in dental hygiene, 51.3% in health, 55.8% in non-health in case of water fluoridation. The subjects to experience and recognize fluoride for caries prevention had more positive intention to use fluoride. The answers of students majoring in health or medical care were not different from non-health, except dental hygiene. Dental professionals should try to let the public know about fluoride use for caries prevention through mass media and internet as well as individual education in dental clinics.