• 전기화학회지
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.221-226
• /
• 1999

조직의 형태와 불순물의 함량이 서로 다른 2종류의 침상 코크스(needle cokes, NC)를 $2000\~3000^{\circ}C$온도범위에서 열처리한 후 이들의 흑연화도, 분쇄하였을 때의 입자크기, 크기분포 및 표면적을 측정하였고 리튬 2차전지의 음극특성을 조사하였다. 두 시료 모두 열처리 온도가 증가함에 따라 흑연화도가 증가하였으나, NC-B는 불순물의 영향과 분자간의 배열이 적은 모자익 조직을 포함하고 있기 때문에 흑연화도가 낮게 나타났다. 동일한 조건에서 분쇄하였을 때 입자의 평균크기는 흑연화도와 비례하였고 표면적은 반비례하였다. 흑연화도가 큰 시료일수록 입자분포의 균일도는 감소하였다 열처리 온도에 따른 음극 특성을 조사하였을 때, 2000"C까지는 결정결함을 포함하는 탄소질 층간(carbonaceous interlayers)의 감소로 인해 용량이 감소하였으나 그 이상의 온도에서는 흑연질 층간(graphitic interlayers)의 성장으로 용량이 다시 증가하였다. 분쇄한 시료는 파단면 표면에 부정합 구조가 생성되어 1.0 V이상에서 기울기를 갖는 방전곡선을 보여 주었으나, 이는 거듭된 충방전과 재열처리에 의해 0.25 V 이하에서 방전되는 흑연질 구조로 전환되었다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.83-95
• /
• 2012

China has been a top producer and exporter of refined lead products in the world since the year 2000. After the phasing-out of leaded gasoline in the late 1990s, non-ferrous metallurgy and coal combustion have been identified as potential major sources of aerosol lead in China. This paper presents the single particle analytical results of ambient aerosol particles collected near a lead smelter using a scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Aerosol particle samples were collected over a 24-hour period, starting from 8 pm on 31 May 2002, using a high volume TSP sampler. For this near source sample, 73 particles among 377 particles analyzed (accounting for 19.4%) were lead-containing particles mixed with other species (S, Cl, K, Ca, and/or C), which probably appeared to be from a nearby lead smelter. Lead-containing particles of less than $2{\mu}m$ size in the near source sample were most frequently encountered with the relative abundances of 42%. SEM-EDX analysis of individual standard particles, such as PbO, PbS, $PbSO_4$, $PbCl_2$, and $PbCO_3$, was also performed to assist in the clear identification of lead-containing aerosol particles. Lead-containing particles were frequently associated with arsenic and zinc, indicating that the smelter had emitted those species during the non-ferrous metallurgical process. The frequently encountered particles following the lead-containing particles were mineral dust particles, such as aluminosilicates (denoted as AlSi), $SiO_2$, and $CaCO_3$. Nitrate- and sulfate-containing particles were encountered frequently in $2-4{\mu}m$ size range, and existed mostly in the forms of $Ca(NO_3,SO_4)/C$, $(Mg,Ca)SO_4/C$, and $AlSi+(NO_3,SO_4)$. Particles containing metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, and As) in this near source sample had relative abundances of approximately 10%. Although the airborne particles collected near the lead smelter contained elevated levels of lead, other types of particles, such as $CaCO_3$-containing, carbonaceous, metal-containing, nitrates, sulfates, and fly-ash particles, showed the unique signatures of samples influenced by emissions from the lead smelter.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제19권E1호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2003

To characterize airborne particulate carbon and its temporal variation in the heavily industrialized metropolitan city, Seoul in South Korea, aerosol sampling was performed from 1986 to 1996. Correlation coefficients of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) with mass concentration of fine particles ($\underline{\leq}$2.1 ${\mu}m$) are 0.73 and 0.51, respectively. EC concentrations of the fine particle mode are 10.1, 5.9, 4.5, and 7.4 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. On the other hand, OC concentration shows maximum value in winter and followed by autumn, summer, and spring. A seasonal peak in the ratio of OC to EC in fine particles was observed during the summer photochemical season from June to August. Concentrations of EC and OC in Asian dust storm events are generally higher than in non- Asian dust storm events except in 1990. The difference of EC concentrations between Asian dust storm periods and non-Asian dust storm periods are much larger than those of OC concentrations. There are slight increases of EC concentration between 1987 and 1990 and a gradual decrease between 1990 and 1996.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제31권9호
• /
• pp.781-791
• /
• 2022

In order to investigate the characteristics of the effects of various emission sources such as ships around the Busan North Port area, PM_2.5 samples were analyzed by SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer). In the port city Busan, the main emission source of PM_2.5 is ships, and soot was observed as the main exhaust particles of a ship diesel engine. As a result of the individual particle analysis of PM_2.5 at the sampling site, carbonaceous particles such as soot and water droplet-shaped, which are considered to be exhausted from ships, were constantly observed. And some spherical Fe-rich particles also appeared.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제27권8호
• /
• pp.1175-1180
• /
• 2006

Si-C composites were prepared by the carbonization of polyaniline (PAn) coated on silicone powder. The physical and electrochemical properties of the Si-C composites were characterized by particle-size analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and battery electrochemical tests. The average particle size of Si was increased by the coating of Pan but somewhat reduced by the carbonization to give silicone-carbon composites. The co-existence of crystalline silicone and amorphous-like carbon was confirmed by XRD analyses. SEM photos showed that the silicone particles were well covered with carbonaceous materials, depending on the PAn content. Si-C$\mid$Li cells were fabricated using the Si-C composites and tested using galvanostatic charge-discharge. Si-C$\mid$Li cells gave better electrochemical properties than Si|Li cells. Si-C$\mid$Li cells using Si-C from HCl-undoped precursor PAn showed better electrochemical properties than precursor PAn doped in HCl. The addition of an electrolyte containing 4-fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) increased the initial discharge capacity. Also, another electrochemical test, the galvanostatic charge-discharge test with GISOC (gradual increasing of the state of charge) was carried out. Si-C(Si:PAn = 50:50 wt. ratio)|Li cell showed 414 mAh/g of reversible specific capacity, 75.7% of IIE (initial intercalation efficiency), 35.4 mAh/g of IICs (surface irreversible specific capacity).

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.134-140
• /
• 2023

활성탄은 주로 기체나 액체상의 흡착제로 사용되는 탄소질 재료이다. 휘발성 유기화합물의 흡착열 축적 및 산화 등에 의해 화재가 꾸준히 발생함에 따라 석탄과 야자껍질을 원료로 하는 분말 및 입상활성탄을 대상으로 폭발특성 및 열안정성을 평가하였다. 입도분석을 통해 분말활성탄은 입도범위 (0.4~3) ㎛를 가지는 것을 확인하였으며, 시차주사열량계와 열중량분석기를 사용하여 발열개시온도 및 분해거동 등의 열적 특성을 분석하였다. 부유분진에 대한 폭발위험성을 평가한 결과, 석탄계 및 야자계 분말활성탄 모두 St1 등급으로 폭발에 의한 위험성이 약한 분진으로 분류되지만 이는 상대적인 크기를 나타내는 것으로 폭발에 의한 위험성이 절대적으로 작음을 의미하는 것이 아니므로 피해저감을 위한 대책을 수립할 필요가 있다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.288-303
• /
• 2012

In this study, real time measurements of particle number size distribution in urban Gwangju, coastal Taean, and industrial Yeosu in Korea were conducted in 2008 to understand the occurrence of ultrafine particle (UFP) (<100 nm) events, the variation of its concentration among different sampling sites, and UFP formation pathways. Also, to investigate seasonal and long-term variation of the UFP number concentration, data were collected for the period of 5 years (2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012) in urban Gwangju. Photochemical and combustion events were found to be responsible for the formation of UFP in the urban Gwangju site, whereas only photochemical event led to the formation of UFP in the coastal Taean site. The highest UFP concentration was found in industrial Yeosu (the average UFP number fractions were 79, 59 and 58% in Yeosu, Gwangju, and Taean, respectively), suggesting that high amount of gas pollutants (e.g., $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and volatile organic carbon (VOC)) emitted from industries and their photochemical reaction contributed for the elevated UFP concentration in the industrial Yeosu site. The UFP fraction also showed a seasonal variation with the peak value in spring (61.5, 54.5, 50.5, and 40.7% in spring, fall, summer, and winter, respectively) at urban Gwangju. Annual average UFP number concentrations in urban Gwangju were $5.53{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, $4.68{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, $5.32{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, $3.99{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$, and $2.16{\times}10^3\;cm^{-3}$ in the year 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. Comparison of the annual average UFP number concentration with urban sites in other countries showed that the UFP concentrations of the Korean sites were lower than those in other urban cities, probably due to lower source strength in the current site. TEM/EDS analysis for the size-selected UFPs showed that the UFPs were classified into various types having different chemical species. Carbonaceous particles were observed in both combustion (soot and organics) and photochemical events (sulfate and organics). In the photochemical event, an internal mixture of organic species and ammonium sulfate/bisulfate was identified. Also, internal mixtures of aged Na-rich and organic species, aged Ca-rich particles, and doughnut shaped K-containing particles with elemental composition of a strong C with minor O, S, and K-likely to be originated from biomass burning nearby agricultural area, were observed. In addition, fly ash particles were also observed in the combustion event, not in the photochemical event.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.578-592
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 수도권 지역 OC와 EC의 지역적, 계절적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 서울 은평구 불광동에 위치한 수도권 대기오염집중측정소에서 2014년 1월부터 12월까지 1년간 Semi-Continuous OC/EC Analyzer (Sunset Laboratory INC., USA)를 사용하여 $PM_{2.5}$ 중 OC와 EC를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 수도권 지역의 OC와 EC의 연평균 농도(${\mu}g/m^3$)는 각각 $4.1{\pm}2.7$, $1.6{\pm}1.0$으로 나타났다. 계절별로 살펴보면 봄: $4.0{\pm}2.2$, $1.8{\pm}0.8$; 여름: $3.6{\pm}2.7$, $1.4{\pm}0.9$; 가을: $3.6{\pm}2.4$, $1.3{\pm}0.9$; 겨울: $5.2{\pm}3.3$, $2.0{\pm}1.3$으로 나타나 겨울 > 봄 > 여름 > 가을 순으로 높은 농도를 나타냈으며, OC/EC 비는 2.4 ~ 3.4 수준으로 여름이 가장 높고 봄이 가장 낮은 수준을 보였다. 시간별 OC, EC 농도 변화를 살펴보면, 출 퇴근시간인 아침과 저녁에 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, OC/EC 비 역시 출 퇴근시간대의 교통량 증가로 인한 EC농도 증가로 인해 급격히 낮아지는 현상을 보여 수도권 지역의 탄소성 입자 농도에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것은 자동차와 같은 교통수단인 것으로 판단된다. 이번 연구를 통해 수도권 지역 탄소성분의 배출특성 및 계절별 특징, 농도 수준을 파악하고, 대기질 개선 정책의 효과적인 수립을 위한 과학적인 기초자료의 제공이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2012

A thermal-optical transmittance carbon analyzer has been developed to determine particulate organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon. Several analysis factors affecting the sensitivity of OC and EC determination were investigated for the carbon analyzer. Although total carbon (TC) is usually consistent in the determination, OC and EC split is sensitive to adopted analysis protocol. In this study the maximum temperature in oxygen-free He in the analysis was examined as a main cause of the uncertainty. Prior to the sensitivity analysis consistency in OC-EC determination of the carbon analyzer and the uniformity of carbonaceous aerosol loading on a sampled filter were checked to be in acceptable range. EC/TC ratios were slightly decreased with increasing the maximum temperature between $550-800^{\circ}C$. For the increase of maximum temperature from $500^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$, the EC/TC ratio was lowered by 4.65-5.61% for TC loading of 13-44 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ with more decrease at higher loading. OC and EC determination was not influenced by trace amount of oxygen in pure He (>99.999%), which is typically used in OC and EC analysis. The facing of sample loaded surface to incident laser beam showed negligible influence in the OC-EC split, but it caused elevated PC fraction in OC for forward facing relative to backward facing.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.647-661
• /
• 2003

For continuous monitoring of atmospheric visibility in the city of Kwanaju, Korea, a transmissometer system consisting of a transmitter and a receiver was installed at a distance of 1.91 km across the downtown Kwanaju. At the transmitter site an integrating nephelometer and an aethalometer were also installed to measure the scattering and absorption coefficients of the atmosphere, respectively. At the receiver site. an URG PM$_{2.5}$ cyclone sampler and an URG-VAPS (Versatile Air Pollutant Sampler) with three filter packs and two denuders were used to collect both PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{10}$ samples at a 2-hour or 12-hour sampling interval for aerosol chemical analysis. Sulfate, organic mass by carbon (OMC), nitrate, elemental carbon (EC) components of fine aerosol were the major contributors to visibility impairment. Diurnal variation of visibility during best-case days showed rapid improvement in the morning hours, while it was delayed until afternoon during the worst-case days. Aerosol mass concentration of each aerosol component for the worst-case was calculated to be 11.2 times larger than the best-case for (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$(NHSO), 19.0 times for NH$_4$NO$_3$ (NHNO), 2.2 times for OMC, respectively. Also result shows that elemental carbon and fine soil (FS) were 3.7 and 2.2 times more than those of best-case. respectively- Sum of total contributions of wet NHSO and NHNO to light extinction was calculated to be 301 Mm$^{-1}$ for the worst-case. However, sum of contributions by dry NHSO and NHNO was calculated to be 123 Mm$^{-1}$ for the best case. Mass extinction efficiencies of fine and coarse particles were calculated to be 5.8$\pm$0.3 $m^2$/g and 1.8$\pm$0.1 $m^2$/g, respectively.ely.