• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1982

서류 및 각종 퇴비를 분리원으로 하여 전분 이용성이 좋은 균주는 분리하였고 이 균주를 이용하여 균체 및 지방질을 가장 많이 얻기 위한 최적 배양조건을 구명한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 선발된 우수 균주는 Mucor plumbeus로 동정되었다. 2. 이 균주는 전분을 탄소원으로 이용하여 그 함량이 21%일 경우 배양 20일 째에 균체량은 배지 50$m\ell$당 2.09$\pm$0.24g이고 지방질량은 건조 균체 당 37.43%이었다. 3. 질소원으로서는 질산나트륨, 질산칼륨, 질산마그네슘, 요소, 및 초산암모늄 중 요소를 이용하는 경우 균체 및 지방질 생산량이 가장 높았고 그 최적 농도는 2.14g/$\ell$으로 배양25일에서 균체량은 배지 50$m\ell$당 2.39$\pm$0.07g 지방질 함량은 건조균체당 50.73%이었다. 4. 무기질원으로 황산아연. 황산마그네슘, 인산이수소나트륨. 황산칼륨 및 염화제 2 철은 모두Mucor plumbeus FRI 0007 생장에 필요하나 필수적으로 요구되지는 않으며 황산칼륨을 0.44g/$\ell$ 혹은 황산마그네슘을 5.00g/$\ell$ 만을 첨가하는 경우에 소비 전분량에 대한 지방질 생산률은 14.96 및 15.37, 균체 생산률은 31.12 및 26.10으로 다른 처리구 보다 높았다.

• 청정기술
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 Graphite Felt (GF) 전극의 표면에 산소와 질소의 도핑을 통하여 전기화학적 특성을 개선하고, 이의 촉매화학적 효과를 바나듐 레독스 흐름전지의 양극과 음극의 특성비교를 통하여 관찰하였다. 탄소전극 표면의 산소와 질소 동시 도핑은 GF 샘플을 773 K에서 암모니아-공기 ($NH_3=50%$, $O_2=10%$) 혼합가스에 노출시켜 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 방법으로 제조하였다. 이러한 산소-질소 동시 도핑의 전기화학적 효과는 산소만으로 도핑 처리된 GF 샘플과 비교하여 분석, 평가하였다. 탄소전극 샘플들의 표면 구조와 화학적 조성은 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)와 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 방법을 통하여 분석하였다. 결과물로 얻어진 탄소전극은 바나듐 레독스-흐름전지의 양극과 음극에 동시 적용하여 충-방전 사이클을 진행하고, 각 전극이 흐름전지의 효율과 양극과 음극에서의 전기화학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 비교하여 분석하였다. 산소와 질소의 동시 도핑으로 처리된 GF 전극은 산소만으로 활성화된 전극에 비하여 흐름전지의 전압 및 에너지 효율에서 2% 이상의 향상 효과를 보여주었다. 특히, 탄소전극 표면의 산소-질소의 동시 도핑은 음극반응에서 우수한 전기화학적 특성을 유도하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

양성자 교환막 미생물연료전지(PEM-MFC)의 경우 양극의 표면적을 기준으로 유기물 제거능력을 산출하면 유기물 부하에 관계없이 $3.0gCOD/m^2$ 수준으로 나타났다. 또 안정적인 전압이 관찰된 시기의 쿨롱 효율은 22.4~23.4 %로 높지 않은 수준이었다. 양성자 교환막은 양성자뿐만 아니라 초산도 통과시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 양성자 교환막을 사용하지 않은 상향류식 미생물연료전지(ML-MFC)의 경우 다공성 RVC 전극을 사용한 관계로 전극의 외부면적당 유기물 제거능력은 $9.3{\sim}10.1gCOD/m^2{\cdot}d$로 나타났다. 이는 양성자 교환막을 사용한 경우에 비하여 3배 정도 높은 수준이다. 그러나 RVC 양극의 비표면적 차이에 따른 유기물 제거 능력 차이는 크지 않았다. ML-MFC의 경우 전기 발생이 안정적이지 못하였으며, 쿨롱 효율도 3.6~3.7 %로 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 전기 발생량이 안정적이지 못한 것은 음극에 성장한 미생물의 영향으로 판단된다. 이를 해결하기 위해 음극부의 공기주입량을 증가시키면 일시적으로 전기 발생이 증가하였으나 오래 지속되지 못하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2015

The electrolyte flow rates of vanadium redox flow battery play very important role in terms of ion transfer to electrolyte, kinetics and pump efficiency in system. In this paper a vanadium redox flow battery single cell was tested to suggest the optimization criteria of electrolyte flow rates on the efficiencies. The compared electrolyte circulation flow rates in this experimental work were 15, 30 and 45 mL/min. The charge/discharge characteristics of the flow rate of 30 mL/min was the best out of all flow rates in terms of charging and discharging time. The current efficiencies, voltage efficiencies and energy efficiencies at the flow rate of 30 mL/min were the best. The IR losses obtained at thd current density of $40mA/cm^2$, at the flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min were 0.085 V, 0.042 V and 0.115 V, respectively. The charge efficiencies at the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ were 96.42%, 96.45% and 96.29% for the electrolyte flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min, respectively. The voltge efficiencies at the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ were 77.34%, 80.62% and 76.10% for the electrolyte flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min, respectively. Finally, the energy efficiencies at the current density of $40mA/cm^2$ were 74.57%, 77.76% and 73.27% for the electrolyte flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 mL/min, respectively. The optimum flow rates of electrolytes were 20 mL/min in most of operating variables of vanadium redox flow battery.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2018

This study is designed to measure the indoor environment and research on the environmental situation in the lecture room where the lecture is conducted during the winter time in order to understand the level of environment in the lecture room and then suggest the method of improving the environment in the lecture room in the future. The findings are as follows. First, the number of ventilation measured at Lecture Room 1 was 1.2 times/hour while that at Lecture Room 2 was 2.2 times/hour. Second, the lighting at Lecture Room 1 and 2 was 650~700 lux while the noise at Lecture Room 1 and 2 was not more than 60dB. Third, Group 1 and Group 2 felt in the same way that the air quality in the lecture room was not good when the air quality was measured in 30 minutes after the start of lecture. Fourth, both Group 1 and Group 2 showed the lowered concentration on the class in 30 minutes after the start of the class when the room was heated. But Group 1 got less drop in the concentration when they was put in the non-heated room. Fifth, As for the change in the carbon dioxide volume during lecture, the carbon dioxide volume in the room where the windows was closed rose 1,000~1,400ppm from that at the time of start, thus showing that the indoor air quality got worsened. In addition, it is hard to control the indoor temperature due to the heating and non-heating. Accordingly, it is necessary to get the heating system which can make the ventilation in order to keep the environmental level in the lecture room to a certain level and keep the proper indoor temperature.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2017

The three electrodes (carbon felt) were tested in all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) to confirm the its usefulness. The electrode property was measured by the CV (cyclic voltammetry) method. The current ratio of maximum peak(IPA/IPC) in GF040BH5 and GF051BH3 had almost the same value compared to that in XF30A. The performances of VRFB using the each electrode were measured during 5 cycles of charge-discharge at the current density of $60mA/cm^2$. An average energy efficiency of the VRFB was 77.8%, 77.3%, and 79.2% for XF30A, GF040BH5 and GF051BH3, respectively. It was confirmed from the data that GF040BH5 and GF051BH3 is well suited for use in a VRFB as a electrode, like XF30A.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2002

Although the reward based on group accomplishment in cooperative learning has a merit to emphasize interdependency, it may have some undesirable side effects such as free rider effect and sucker effect. For the purpose of reducing these side effects, this study examined how the adjustment of the reward structure affected the scholastic achievement, the perception of learning environments, and the attitude toward science class by adding individual reward to group reward. We selected 2 classes of sixth grade in an elementary school, and taught on oxygen and carbon dioxide for 13 class hours in cooperative learning strategies. Group reward was applied to one class, and both group and individual rewards were applied to the other class. Analysis of the results indicated that the achievement scores of the students under the group and individual rewards were significantly higher than those under the group reward. In addition, they had more difficulty in science class and felt less satisfied. The upper level students under the group and individual rewards were also found to exhibit more competition. Educational implications were discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.836-844
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• 2009

A denitrification bacterium was isolated from riverbed soil and identified as Ochrobactrum sp., whose specific enzymes for denitrification metabolism were biochemically assayed or confirmed with specific coding genes. The denitrification activity of strain G3-1 was proportional to glucose/nitrate balance, which was consistent with the theoretical balance (0.5). The modified graphite felt cathode with neutral red, which functions as a solid electron mediator, enhanced the electron transfer from electrode to bacterial cell. The porous carbon anode was coated with a ceramic membrane and cellulose acetate film in order to permit the penetration of water molecules from the catholyte to the outside through anode, which functions as an air anode. A non-compartmented electrochemical bioreactor (NCEB) comprised of a solid electron mediator and an air anode was employed for cultivation of G3-1 cells. The intact G3-1 cells were immobilized in the solid electron mediator, by which denitrification activity was greatly increased at the lower glucose/nitrate balance than the theoretical balance (0.5). Metabolic stability of the intact G3-1 cells immobilized in the solid electron mediator was extended to 20 days, even at a glucose/nitrate balance of 0.1.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.666-674
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• 2009

An electrochemical bioreactor (ECB) composed of a cathode compartment and an air anode was used in this study to characterize the ethanol fermentation of Zymomonas mobilis. The cathode and air anode were constructed of modified graphite felt with neutral red (NR) and a modified porous carbon plate with cellulose acetate and porous ceramic membrane, respectively. The air anode operates as a catalyst to generate protons and electrons from water. The growth and ethanol production of Z. mobilis were 50% higher in the ECB than were observed under anoxic nitrogen conditions. Ethanol production by growing cells and the crude enzyme of Z. mobilis were significantly lower under aerobic conditions than under other conditions. The growing cells and crude enzyme of Z. mobilis did not catalyze ethanol production from pyruvate and acetaldehyde. The membrane fraction of crude enzyme catalyzed ethanol production from glucose, but the soluble fraction did not. NADH was oxidized to $NAD^+$in association with $H_2O_2$reduction, via the catalysis of crude enzyme. Our results suggested that NADH/$NAD^+$balance may be a critical factor for ethanol production from glucose in the metabolism of Z. mobilis, and that the metabolic activity of both growing cells and crude enzyme for ethanol fermentation may be induced in the presence of glucose.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.951-960
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• 2010

Sediment works as a resource for electric cells. This paper was designed in order to verify how sediment cells work with anodic material such as metal and carbon fiber. As known quite well, sediment under sea, rivers or streams provides a furbished environment for generating electrons via some electron transfer mechanism within specific microbial population or corrosive oxidation on the metal surfaces in the presence of oxygen or water molecules. We experimented with one type of sediment cell using different anodic material so as to attain prolonged, maximum electric power. Iron, Zinc, aluminum, copper, zinc/copper, and graphite felt were tested for anodes. Also, combined type of anodes-metal embedded in the graphite fiber matrix-was experimented for better performances. The results show that the combined type of anodes exhibited sustainable electricity production for ca. 600 h with max. $0.57\;W/m^2$ Al/Graphite. Meanwhile, graphite-only electrodes produced max. $0.11\;W/m^2$ along with quite stationary electric output, and for a zinc electrode, in which the electricity generated was not stable with time, therefore resulting in relatively sharp drop in that after 100 h or so, the maximum power density was $0.64\;W/m^2$. It was observed that the corrosive reaction rates in the metal electrodes might be varied, so that strength and stability in the electric performances(voltage and current density) could be affected by them. In addition to that, COD(chemical oxygen demand) of the sediment of the cell system was reduced by 17.5~36.7% in 600 h, which implied that the organic matter in the sediment would be partially converted into non-COD substances, that is, would suggest a way for decontamination of the aged, anaerobic sediment as well. The pH reduction for all electrodes could be a sign of organic acid production due to complicated chemical changes in the sediment.