• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.127-131
• /
• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate adulteration of caprine milk products by bovine milk using biomolecular techniques with bovine-specific primers for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR assays were applied to caprine milk products including infant formula, city milk, and fermented milk. The results indicated that six out of the eight caprine infant formula products tested contained bovine milk components. In addition, two of the three tested caprine city milk products and two caprine fermented milk products were shown to be adulterated with bovine milk. Conventional PCR results corroborated with results obtained by real-time PCR. This study demonstrates that DNA-based species identification procedures would be useful and applicable in routine examinations of the dairy industry to ensure the quality and safety of dairy foods.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.121-126
• /
• 2014

산양유는 단백질 구성과 개별 지방산의 구성이 모유에 가깝기 때문에 우유에 비하여 소화율이 높다. 특히 casein 단백질은 모유의 단백질과 분자구조가 흡사하여 높은 소화 흡수력을 보이므로 설사 또는 복통 등과 같은 소화장애를 일으키지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 지방산 함량에 있어서도 우유보다 중간사슬지방산이 우유보다 2배정도 많이 들어있어 소화 흡수 시 분해되는 속도가 빠르다. 산양유에는 질 좋은 수용성 유청단백질, 비타민 및 미네랄이 다량 함유되어 있고, 특히 비타민 A, 콜린, 이노시톨의 함량이 높고 흡수율도 양호한 편이다. 산양유에 포함된 유당과 올리고당은 우유보다 모유에 더 가까운 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 유당은 장 내 산성을 증가시켜 유익한 박테리아의 증식을 돕는 한편 장내에서의 칼슘의 흡수를 도와주거나 인(P)과 마그네슘(Mg)의 흡수를 촉진시키는 역할을 담당한다. 또한 올리고당류는 장내유산균의 생육을 돕는 prebiotic 효과를 발휘하여 장내 유익균이 정착하는데 도움을 준다는 실험결과로 판단할 때 실제로 유아에게 정장작용을 기대할 수 있다. 그리고 산양유에 다량 함유된 미네랄 성분 또한 소화 및 흡수를 촉진시키는 역할을 하기 때문에 산양유는 우유 섭취 시 유당불 내증을 호소하던 소비자들도 어렵지 않게 섭취할 수 있다. 이처럼 산양유가 여러 가지 측면에서 우유보다 우수한 식품학적 생리적 특성을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 국내 산양유가공 산업은 거의 불모지라 해도 과언이 아니다. 게다가 산양유의 정확한 영양학적 가치가 일반 소비자들에게 전달되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 우유보다 그 성분과 조성이 모유와 흡사한 산양유의 식품학적 특성, 안전성 및 기능성에 대한 체계적이며 과학적 연구가 시급히 활성화되어야 할 것이다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the developmental ability of caprine embryos after somatic cell interspecies nuclear transfer. Donor cells were obtained from an ear-skin biopsy of a caprine, digested with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA in PBS, and primary fibroblast cultures were established in TCM-199 with 10% FBS. After maturation, expanded cumulus cells were removed by vigorous pipetting in the presence of 0.3% hyaluronidase. The matured oocytes were dipped in D-PBS plus 10% FBS＋7.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml cytochalasin B and 0.05 M sucrose. The reconstructed oocytes were electrically fused with donor cells in 0.3 M mannitol fusion medium. After the electofusion, embryos were activated by electric stimulation. Interspecies nuclear transfer embryos with bovine cytoplasts were cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FBS including bovine oviduct epithelial cells for 7∼9 day. On the other hand, the NT embryos with porcine cytoplasts were cultured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with 10% FBS for 6∼8 day at $39^{\circ}C, 5% CO_2$ in air. In caprine-bovine NT embryos, the cleavage(2-cell) rate was 36.8% in confluence and 43.8% in serum starvation. The developmental rate of morula- and blastocyst-stage embryos was 0.0% in confluence and 18.8% in serum starvation. In caprine-porcine NT embryos, the cleavage(2-cell) rate was 76.7% in confluence and 66.7% in serum starvation. The developmental rate of morula and blastocyst stage embryos was 3.3% in confluence and 3.0% in serum starvation, and no significant difference was observed in synchronization treatment between donor cells. In caprine-bovine NT embryos, the cleavage(2-cell) rate of cultured donor cells was 30.8% and 17.6% in 5∼9 and 10∼14 passage(P＜0.05). The developmental rate of morula and blastocyst stage embryos were significantly higher(P＜0.05) in 5∼9 passage(23.1%) than in 10∼14 passage(0.0%) of cultured donor cells. In caprine-porcine NT embryos, the cleavage rate was significantly higher(P＜0.05) in 5∼9 passage(86.7%) than in 10∼14 passage(50.0%) of cultured donor cells. The developmental rate of morula and blastocyst stage embryos were 3.3 and 0.0% in 5∼9 and 10∼14와 passage of cultured donor cells. In caprine-bovine NT embryos, the developmental rate of morula and blastocyst stage embryos were 22.6% in interspecies nuclear transfer, 33.9% in in vitro fertilization and 28.1% in parthenotes, which was no significant differed. The developmental rate of morula and blastocyst stage embryos with caprine-porcine NT embryos were lower(P＜0.05) in interspecies nuclear transfer(5.1%) than in vitro fertiltzation(26.9%) and parthenotes(37.4%).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2000

본 실험은 산양유 casein의 조성 및 분별 그리고 이화학적 성질에 관하여 연구하고자 산양유의 일반성분을 분석하고 초유와 정상유로 산 casein을 제조하였으며 chymosin 작용과 전기영동에 의한 분리특성 및 DEAE-cellulose column chromatography에 의한 분별을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 산양 정상유의 단백질, 지방, 유당 함량은 각각 2.70${\pm}$0.27%, 3.82${\pm}$0.51% 및 4.10${\pm}$0.29%이었으며 정상유 casein보다 초유 casein에서chymosin처리에 의해 더 많은 NPN 함량이 유리되었다. 우유 및 산양유 casein을 chymosin 처리하여 전기영동을 실시한 결과 casein 조성이 서로 다르게 나타났으며 그 분리양상 또한 차이를 보였다. 산양 정상유 casein을 0.03${\sim}$0.25 M NaCl linear gradient로 DEAE-cellulose column chromatography를 실시한 결과 명확히 분별되지 않아 농도 기울기를 달리한 0.08${\sim}$0.18 M NaCl linear gradient로 column chromatography를 실시한 결과 5개의 Peak로 분리되었고 그 비율은 각각 5.27%, 26.07%, 25.97%, 30.40%및 12.29%이었다. 또한, 순수한 동정, 특히 n-casein 분획을 확인하기 위하여 chymosin을 처리한 산양 정상유 casein을 동일한 조건에서column chromatography를 실시한 결과 6개의peak로 분리되었으며 그 비율은 각각 17.06%, 9.10%, 17.85%, 20.11%, 27.03% 및 8.85%로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.777-784
• /
• 2001

Evaluation of the granulosa cell (GC) monolayers developed from small (<5 mm) and large (>5 mm) follicles on the meiotic competence of caprine oocytes during in vitro maturation was done in this study in comparison to the granulosa cell coculture. Ovaries were collected from the local abattoir and follicular contents were aspirated for the monolayer culture. For IVM the oocytes were collected by puncturing the nonatretic follicles (>4 mm). Results revealed that at the same seeding rate, small follicular granulosa cell monolayer achieved confluence 24-48 h earlier than large follicular granulosa cell monolayer. GC monolayers significantly p (<0.05) improved the rate of meiotic resumption and nuclear maturation (84.76% vs 74.74%) after 27 h of culture in comparison to GC coculture. Statistically there was no significant difference in the maturation rate between the caprine oocytes matured over small or large follicular GC monolayers. It is concluded from the present study that GC monolayers support better nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of growing caprine oocytes which is evident by better maturation rate over GC monolayer as compared to the oocytes matured with GC coculture. Granulosa cells from small and large follicles can be used for IVM with more or less in the same efficiency after conditioning them with maturation media in 18-24 h before the onset of culture.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제54권6호
• /
• pp.719-724
• /
• 2016

The present study was designed to assess the dynamic patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6, acute phase protein (${\alpha}1$-acid-glycoprotein, AGP), and an inflammation associated factor (adenosine deaminase; ADA) following experimental caprine coccidiosis. Ten kids aging from 2 to 4 months were infected orally with $5{\times}10^4$ sporulated oocysts and 10 animals served as controls. Blood samples were collected in both groups before infection and at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post-infection (PI), and the levels of above-mentioned factors were measured. $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6, AGP, and ADA activities were significantly higher in infected animals from day 7 PI (P<0.05). In conclusion, the circulatory levels of most systemic inflammatory markers, including pro-inflammatory cytokines ($IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-6), AGP, and ADA increased significantly starting from day 3 to day 7 PI in caprine coccidiosis.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.161-168
• /
• 2017

Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) virus is a causative agent of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In our previous study we reported a prevalence of CAE. In this study, we described the further detailed pathological features of CAE and examined the detection of virus by in situ hybridization (ISH). Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in lung, focal inflammation in mammary glands, perivascular cuffing in brain, arthritis, and focal necrosis, mild steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration of liver were noted. CAEV proviral-DNA was identified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood cells, brain, synovial fluid, and lymph node. Confirmation by nested PCR involved amplification of a 296 bp ($1^{st}$ PCR) and 185 bp ($2^{nd}$ PCR) fragments corresponding to a conserved region on the gag gene of CAEV. Positive ISH signals were detected in the brain and liver. In conclusion, significant histopathological findings included parenchymal infection in various organs, including the lung, liver, brain, joint, and mammary gland were noted in the CAEV infected dairy goat. ISH can help confirm the diagnosis of CAE in formalin-fixed samples.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제63권3호
• /
• pp.593-602
• /
• 2021

Mammalian milk including microRNAs (miRNAs) as a novel class of noncoding RNAs, that can be transferred to infants and it plays on a critical role in biological functions such as immune regulation and development. However, the origin and functional importance of milk-derived miRNAs are still undetermined. This study applied RNA sequencing to explore the featured profiles of miRNA expression in colostrum and mature milk-originated exosomes from human, bovine, and caprine milk. These dietary exosome-derived miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and caprine milk. Interestingly, abundant miRNAs expressed in human milk are similarly conserved across species. In addition, we confirmed that immune-related miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-26a) are commonly observed in the colostrum and mature milk of cows and caprines as well as humans. Our results provide new insights and resources for investigating the functionality of immune-associated miRNAs and evaluating physiological and biological condition in human, bovine and caprine milk as biomarkers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.636-642
• /
• 2009

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that produces progesterone, a product required for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. In the absence of pregnancy, the production of progesterone in the CL decreases and the structure itself regresses in size. The life span and function of the CL are regulated by complex interactions between stimulatory (luteotrophic) and inhibitory (luteolytic) mediators. When an ovum is released from a mature follicle, angiogenesis and rapid growth of follicular cells form the CL. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether steroidogenesis, proliferation, and hypoxiarelated proteins are expressed in caprine CL. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor $1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) were determined in caprine CL during the estrous cycle. Cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage protein did not vary significantly during the estrous cycle; however, there was an increased expression of $3{\beta}$ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the early and middle stages, which rapidly decreased in the late stage. The same observations were made with respect to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Variations in progesterone content and expression of PCNA, HIF-$1{\alpha}$, and VEGF were consistent with this result. Thus, the steroidogenic proteins, PCNA, HIF-$1{\alpha}$, and VEGF in caprine CL are dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.962-967
• /
• 2003

The purpose of the study were to characterize the proteins secreted by elongating caprine conceptus, to identify a group of low molecular weight proteins as retinol-binding protein (RBP), to identify RBP cell-specific localization in conceptus tissue, and to demonstrate that the conceptuses secreted continuously RBP during the time period maternal recognition of pregnancy. Caprine conceptuses were removed from the uterus between days 16 and 22 of pregnancy, the time period maternal recognition of pregnancy. Isolated conceptuses were cultured in a modified minimum essential medium in the presence of radiolabeled amino acids. Proteins synthesized and secreted into medium were analyzed by fluorography of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. At least five proteins showed consistently a grouping of spots with characteristic location on two-dimensional gels. A major low molecular weight protein consisted of two major isoforms (pI 5.3-6.0) of similar molecular mass (21 kDa) was identified as RBP by using antiserum against RBP. Presence of RBP in conceptus culture medium and uterine flushings between days 16 and 22 of pregnancy were determined by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting using anti-RBP serum. In immunocytochemical study, strong immunostaining for RBP was localized in trophectoderm and endoderm of conceptus. These results clearly demonstrated that the caprine conceptus was active in protein synthesis as early as day 16 of pregnancy. Secretion of RBP by caprine conceptuses (days 16-22) coincident with the rapid transformation of the conceptus from a spherical blastocyst to a filamentous structure. Production of RBP by the elongating conceptuses may be indicative of an important role for conceptus RBP in the transport, availability and metabolism of retinol during maternal recognition of pregnancy.