• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.614-623
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• 2015

This study aims to estimate the Green-House-Gas emissions from domestic farmed flounder in the southern sea and Jeju-Do, where is mainly produced, by the assessment of energy consumptions and GHG emissions from domestic fish farms for establishing reduce standards of greenhouse gas from a sustainable perspective. It needs to analyze such GHG emission components as feed, electricity, fuel, fixed capital, fish respiration, and liquid oxygen in two locations by 4 stage running water type farm size of small, small and medium, large and medium, large scale. The result showed that the mean GHG emissions were $36.83kg{\cdot}CO_2/year$ in the southern sea and $24.33kg{\cdot}CO_2/year$ in Jeju-Do, respectively, in the stage of production per fish 1kg at 2 locations and farm size from domestic farmed flounders, and it will give to be useful for policy, planning, and regulation of aquaculture development with establishing GHG reduction standards.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1969

Correlation between the blood clearance half time and findings of liver scan using the colloidal radiogold in patients of liver cirrhosis is observed through the scoring system, in which the more changes in size, shape and density in the liver scan, the more points are given (table 1). Results: 1) Within the increase in severity of hepatocellular dysfunction in liver cirrhosis, the degree and frequency of following changes in liver scan (done with colloidal radiogold) were increased in order. a) generalized hepatomegaly b) enlargement of the left lobe & reduction of the right lobe c) relatively increased radiodensity in the left lobe and 4) visualization of spleen. 2) Frequency of the normal scan in liver cirrhosis was $12{\pm}3.56%$, frequency of normal value in blood clearance half time of the radiogold was $5.0{\pm}2.34%$ and frequency of normal scan & normal blood clearance rate in liver cirrhosis was $3.6{\pm}2.06%$.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.9-20
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• 2018

Global rating agencies, such as Moody's and S&P, have assigned credit ratings to corporate bonds issued by Japanese firms since 1980s. Local Japanese rating agencies, such as R&I and JCR, have more market share than the global raters. We examine the yield spreads of 1,050 yen-denominated corporate bonds issued by financial firms in Japan from 1998 to 2014 and find no evidence that bonds rated by at least one global agency are associated with a significant reduction in the cost of debt as compared to those rated by only local rating agencies. Unlike non-financial firms, the reputation effect of global rating agencies does not exist for Japanese financial firms. We also observe that firms with less information asymmetry are more likely to acquire ratings from Moody's or S&P. Additionally, the firm's financial profile does not affect its choice to seek out ratings from global raters. Our findings are contradictory to those by Han, Pagano, and Shin (2012), who employ bonds issued by non-financial firms in Japan. Our conjecture is that the asymmetric nature of financial firms makes investors less likely to depend on a credit risk assessment by rating agencies in determining the yields of new bonds.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 2013

This paper surveys the existing literatures on labor demand of Korea. It has been found that labor and capital are substitutes in Korea and the result holds even if labor is decomposed into white collar and blue collar workers. The elasticity of substitution lies between 0 and 1. It is yet unclear if employment and work hours are substitutes. The reduction of legal work week did not increase employment although decreased work hours. The labor demand elasticity is below 0.5 in the short run. Since mid 1990s, the technological change has shown skill bias and therefore increased demand for skilled labor.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.138-154
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• 2008

The conventional non-dig underground structure building method which made an appearance to reduce the social and environmental costs and maximize the efficiency of the social overhead capital facilities could not help being uneconomical because of many problems such as unnecessary excessive excavation, water leakage, obstacle interference, difficulty of curvilinear application and connection complexity between propelled and injected bodies due to indiscriminate application of small and large circular steel pipes without consideration of the site conditions. The T.S.T.M, in which a protruded square tube is applied as a propulsion and injection body in a design that considered site conditions such as ground condition, depth of soil and live load, was able to be economical as it solved the problems of water resistance, minimization of obstacle interference and curvilinearity, and we can see that it can be applied to all grounds by utilizing or complementing the target ground in terms of engineering. Also in configuring the transverse section, it is possible to not only secure excellent structural safety but also implement all of the above engineering characteristics not only in the square cross section but also in the arch cross section, so it was possible to build structures on any section or ground, and we could confirm the LCC reduction effect and the VE effect.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.222-229
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• 2005

Five stage enriching membrane system for separating combustion gas (air 90%, $CO_2$ 10%) was proposed and simulated by using Aspen plus and Excel. The system recovers 90% $CO_2$ of the combustion gas and the purity of $CO_2$ recovered was more than 99%. Optimization yields a reduction in membrane area as well as operating and capital cost. Retentate concentration and permeate pressure of each stage were chosen as optimization variables. By analyzing the optimization results, we derived several design guide lines for the enriching membrane system.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate empirically interaction among the financing decision, investment decision, and profitability by using 41 fisheries corporations in Korea, and to suggest implications of the empirical results for government's financial policy for fisheries corporations. Sample period is 19 years from 1982 till 2000. This analysis method employs the two stage least squares(2SLS) estimation method. From the results of regression analysis by 2SLS estimation method, the adjusted $R^2$ values were high and the overall F values indicated significant. The empirical results of this study are as follows; (1) determinant factors of capital structure model for fisheries are profitability, firm-size, fisheries investment of total asset, and business risk. As pecking order theory explains, the higher is profitability the lower is debt ratio. The larger firm-size, the higher is debt ratio. The higher is fisheries investment of total asset and business risk, the higher is debt ratio. (2) determinant factors of investment model for fisheries are the change of sales, business risk, and debt ratio. These factors have positive relation to fisheries investment of total asset (3) determinant factors of profitability model for fisheries are fisheries investment of total asset and debt ratio. These factors have negative relation to profitability. On the basis of analysis results, on the government's financial policy for fisheries corporations, I suggests that with interest rate reduction, the government should lend more funds to solve the crisis in the financial structure of the fisheries firms

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 1997

Recently fluoridation has often been considered as a method to maintain the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water at level adequate to be able to help protect children having decayed teeth. The benefits of fluoridation can be verified to compare the occurance rates of decayed tooth in the areas fluoridated and not fluoridated. Jainhae and Chongju have already fluoridaed the drinking water, and it was known that fluoridation could protect tooth-decaying effectively. The reduction rate of decayed teeth was estimated to be about 50~60 per cent. In the present study, a questionary survey to about sixty four hundred inhabitants of Taejon was carried out to grasp the opinions of citizens for fluoridation. According to the results, 75 per cent of the respondents agreed to the fluoridation. About 49 per cent and 44 per cent of them wanted that the fluoridation should be enforced after a questionary survey and after the decision of a specialist group in the institutes concerned respectively. About 71 per cent of them agreed to 5 per cent-rising of water fee for the fluoridation. The anual cost reguired for fluoridation in a large city was estimated to be about 500 won per capital therefore its economic effect is very large.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2019

This study aims is to analyze of existing concepts of gender stereotypes and gender differences in wages, defining of gender pay gap determinants, and to evaluate the level of discrimination against women in Kazakhstan. This paper begins by reviewing trends in gender stereotypes and gender segregation during the past several decades. In this research, authors propose the methodological tools for presenting a standard form of evaluation of gender pay gap. The developed methodological tools will allow providing authentic and formal analysis on gender pay gap and identifying the main determinants of gender pay differences. Further, the obtained results showed the distribution of wage gap in Kazakhstan's regions and the Duncan's dissimilation index allows us to trace the dynamics of changes in the professional structure between men and women. According to the results, gender pay gap is narrowing with the reduction of the job level and discrimination is related to differences in human capital and education. Wages in the industrial sector are higher for men than for women, because men's professions are characterized by severe and unhealthy working conditions. In addition, employers prefer male managers, but if they take woman managers, they give them salary 3 times less.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between foreign investment and carbon emissions in the Korean electricity sector, the causal relationship between the foreign investment invested in the electric power sector in the 16 regional regions and the carbon emissions in the region, The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of foreign investment on these sectors and the carbon footprint of these sectors using Panel Random Effect Analysis, Panel VAR and OLS models. A panel analysis of foreign investment and regional carbon emissions showed that there was a causal relationship. Based on this analysis, OLS analysis showed that 7 out of 16 metropolitan areas were foreign investment And carbon emissions were significant. In the remaining six regions except Gwangju, there was a causal relationship between foreign investment in the local power sector and the reduction of carbon emissions. After categorizing the electric power industry by device, process, purpose and number of employees, causality also appeared in relation to foreign investment in these sectors and their carbon emissions. Through this study, the authors suggest that foreign investment can be a way to solve not only the financial burden of carbon emission problem, but also the development of national economy and industry through the inflow of capital and advanced new technology.