• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.933-942
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of waterbody impairment according to the flow conditions and present to the appropriate water quality improvement alternatives using observed water quality and flow for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation at 39 unit watersheds the nakdong river basin. Observed water quality data for 7 years are divided into five cumulative flow frequency group and comparing the each observed water quality data and TMDL Target water quality (TWQ) the last evaluate the water quality is impaired group. We found that the cumulative flow frequency group-specific the average excess rate of V group was the highest (32.86%), followed by the IV group (26.04%), group III (23.36%), II group (22.67%), I group (20.70%), the degree of impaired waterbody tended to be inversely proportional to the flow rate. Resulted from cumulative flow frequency group of impaired water quality assessment, 13 unit watersheds are impaired from a group IV and group V affected by point sources. Therefore, improvement of sewage discharge and the initial composition of the riparian buffer zone are needed. Nakbon F, Namkang D and Namkang E within 13 unit watersheds are impaired from group II and III affected by non-point sources. Therefore, application of Best Management Practices (BMPs) is needed for these watersheds. Evaluation of impaired waterbody using Cumulative flow frequency group is able to determine the extent of the judgment to TWQ exceeded by the flow conditions and helps proper setting Standard flow and planning pollutant reduction for TMDL.

• 풍력에너지저널
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the inter-laminar fracture toughness characteristics of CFRP pultrusion spar cap materials reinforced with non-woven glass fabric. Test specimens were fabricated by the infusion technique. A non-woven glass fabric and artificial defects were embedded on the middle surface between two pultruded CFRP panels. Double cantilever beam (DCB) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) tests were performed according to ASTM standards. Fracture toughness and crack propagation characteristics were evaluated with load-displacement curves and delamination resistance curves (R-Curve). The fracture toughness results were calculated by compliance calibration (CC) method. The initiation and propagation values of Mode-I critical strain energy release rate value G_Ic were 1.357 kJ/m2 and 1.397 kJ/m2, respectively, and Mode-II critical strain energy release rate values G_IIc were 4.053 kJ/m2 for non-precracked test and 4.547 kJ/m2 for precracked test. It was found that the fracture toughness properties of the CFRP pultrusion spar-cap are influenced by the interface between the layers of CFRP and glass fiber non-woven.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제22권B호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2002

This research was performed to investigate the generation and physico-chemical characteristics of municipal solid wastes. The results were as follows: i) The generation rate and bulk density were 0.157 kg/cap/d and 147.8 g/L in residential zone, respectively. In non-residential zone, the generation and bulk density were 1.71 kg/cap/d and 85.6 g/L, respectively. Consequently, bulk density of non-residential zone was lower than that of residential zone. ii) The wastes consisted of 90% of combustibles and 10% of incombustibles in residential zone. And the wastes from non-residential zone was composed 85% of combustibles and 15% of incombustibles. iii) Water content was estimated at 47~50% in residential zone and restaurants. In non-residential zone, except restaurants, water content was in the range of 10~30%. Ash content was nearly 10% in overall zone.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2018

강판 콘크리트 합성보는 강판, 콘크리트 및 2가지의 이질 재료를 결합시키는 전단 연결재로 구성되어 있다. 일반적으로 강판은 기존의 합성보에 용접하여 조립된다. 본 연구에서는 전단 연결재를 감소시키고, 작업성을 향상시키기 위해 SPC(Steel Plate Concrete Composite Beam) 보라 불리는 새로운 강판 콘크리트 합성보를 개발했다. SPC 보는 전단 연결재 없이 절곡된 강판과 콘크리트로 구성된다. 절곡된 강판은 용접 대신 고강도 볼트로 조립된다. 또한, 건설 현장에서 작업성을 향상시키기 위해 슬래브와 접합부에 모자 모양의 Cap이 부착된다. 변위 제어 모드에서 2점 가력 실험을 수행하였고, 시편의 휨강도를 계산하기 위해 소성 응력 분포법과 변형률 적합법을 사용하였다. 시험 결과에 따르면 새로운 SPC 보의 휨 강도는 완전 합성보 강도의 76 %의 값이 나왔다. Cap은 스터드와 부속 철물의 역할을 수행한다. 또한, Cap의 간격 제어를 통해 합성율의 증가가 가능하고, SPC 합성보의 합성율을 고려할 경우 변형률 적합법을 통해 SPC 합성보의 휨 성능 평가가 가능하다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제74권5호
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• pp.207-214
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• 2013

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of death among the elderly. Several studies have reported the clinical usefulness of serum procalcitonin, a biomarker of bacterial infection. However, the association between the levels of procalcitonin and the severity in the elderly with CAP has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate usefulness of procalcitonin as a predictor of severity and mortality in the elderly with CAP. Methods: This study covers 155 CAP cases admitted to Pusan National University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2010. Patients were divided into two groups (${\geq}65$ years, n=99; <65 years, n=56) and were measured for procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, 65 years or older (CURB-65) and pneumonia severity of index (PSI). Results: The levels of procalcitonin were significantly correlated with the CURB-65, PSI in totals. Especially stronger correlation was observed between the levels of procalcitonin and CURB-65 in the elderly (procalcitonin and CURB-65, ${\rho}$=0.408 with p<0.001; procalcitonin and PSI, ${\rho}$=0.293 with p=0.003; procalcitonin and mortality, ${\rho}$=0.229 with p=0.023). The correlation between the levels of CRP or WBC and CAP severity was low. The existing cut-off value of procalcitonin was correlated with mortality rate, however, it was not correlated with mortality within the elderly. Conclusion: The levels of procalcitonin are more useful than the levels of CRP or WBC to predict the severity of CAP. However, there was no association between the levels of procalcitonin and mortality in the elderly.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.85-102
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• 1993

본보는 분뇨처리장에서 잉여 슬러지로 발생하는 유기성 슬러지를 지렁이 먹이로 활용하여 처리하는 폐기물 자원화 기술의 하나인 Vermicomposting 방법을 효율적으로 운영관리하기 위한 온도, pH, 사육밀도의 적정사육조건과 Vermicomposting 의 부산물인 분변토의 비료성분과 안전성을 조사하였는데 지렁이 생존율은 온도 $10-15^{\circ}C$ 에서 98.3%, pH 5.8-7.5에서 75% 및 밀도 $1/79.8cm^3$에서 100%였다. 지렁이 생체량 변화는 온도 $10-15^{\circ}C$에서 266%, pH 5.8-7.5에서 227% 및 밀도 $1/79.8cm^3$에서 325% 로 많이 증가하였으며, 지렁이 분변토 발생량은 온도 $20-25^{\circ}C$에서 0.06 g/cap./day, pH 5.8-7.5에서 0.065 g/cap./day 및 밀도 $1/79.8cm^3$에서 0.1 g/cap./day로 많이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 지렁이 난포 생산은 온도 $10-15^{\circ}C$에서 3.8 ea./cap./6weeks, pH 5.8-7.5에서 2.95 ea./cap./6weeks 및 밀도 $1/79.8cm^3$에서 3.16 ea./cap./6weeks로 많이 생산되었으며, 지렁이의 먹이로 공급된 슬러지와 먹고 배설한 분변토의 pH는 6.2에서 5.7로 낮아지며 휘발성 고형물질은 2.9% 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 $NH_3-N$는 $6.984{\mu}g/g$에서 $0.991{\mu}g/g$으로 감소한 반면, $NO_3-N$는 $3.213{\mu}g/g$에서 $7.706{\mu}g/g$으로 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 지렁이 분변토 중의 분원성 대장균은 슬러지에서 보다 88.6-99.1% (평균 95.7%) 정도 감소되는 것으로 조사되었으며 병원성 장내세균인 Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio 등은 검출되지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 볼 때 Vermicomposting 기술은 유기성 슬러지를 재이용함과 동시에 폐기물을 처리하는 효과가 있으며 앞으로 이를 보급함으로써 폐기물 처리에 중요 분야가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2017

Background: Hepatic steatosis measured with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) using transient elastography predicts metabolic syndrome in the general population. We investigated whether CAP predicted metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients. Methods: CAP was measured with transient elastography in 465 predialysis chronic kidney disease patients (mean age, 57.5 years). Results: The median CAP value was 239 (202-274) dB/m. In 195 (41.9%) patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus was more prevalent (105 [53.8%] vs. 71 [26.3%], P < 0.001), with significantly increased urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (184 [38-706] vs. 56 [16-408] mg/g Cr, P = 0.003), high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (5.4 [1.4-28.2] vs. 1.7 [0.6-9.9] mg/L, P < 0.001), and CAP (248 [210-302] vs. 226 [196-259] dB/m, P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis, CAP was independently related to body mass index (${\beta}=0.742$, P < 0.001), triglyceride levels (${\beta}=2.034$, P < 0.001), estimated glomerular filtration rate (${\beta}=0.316$, P = 0.001), serum albumin (${\beta}=1.386$, P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (${\beta}=0.064$, P = 0.029), and total bilirubin (${\beta}=-0.881$, P = 0.009). In multiple logistic regression analysis, increased CAP was independently associated with increased metabolic syndrome risk (per 10 dB/m increase; odds ratio, 1.093; 95% confidence interval, 1.009-1.183; P = 0.029) even after adjusting for multiple confounding factors. Conclusion: Increased CAP measured with transient elastography significantly correlated with and could predict increased metabolic syndrome risk in chronic kidney disease patients.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of the aspiration trap method for collection of sputum by comparing with the conventional method which was collecting specimens at canular cap swab. In this study, the author tested by two methods to collect specimens from 46 patients who were cared with tracheostomy and intubation at the intensive care unit of an university hospital in Pusan, and investigated the incidence of the lower respiratory tract infection, the consistency between the two methods, the level of specimen contamination. Major results were as follows: Among the patients, 35 were cared with tracheostomy and 11 were cared with intubation. In clinical diagnosis we were classified the subjects in to two group, 17 of pneumonia group and 29 of non-pneumonia group. A total of 247 strains were isolated. Among them, most three strains were Serratia marcescens (62 strains; 25.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52 strains; 21.1%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (19 strains; 7.8%). Out of total, 188 (76.1%) strains were Gram negative bacilli. The isolated strains by the aspiration trap method were the average 2.1 strains, but by the canular cap swab method were 1.6 strains. In spite of the high contaminated possibility from the incision site and the oral cavity swab, the low isolated rates of the canular cap may be the dried environment of the canular of cap area. But the contamination rates were 57.2% of the canular cap, 51.5% of the oral swab and 50.5% of the incision site swab, respectively. The consistency of predominant microorganisms according to collection method were 86.7% of aspiration, 78.3% of canular, 74.3% of incision, and 63.6% of oral. In conclusion, the aspiration trap method fur the sputum collection from the patients with intubation of tracheostomy showed the lower contamination rate of the specimens and it was helpful for rapid, accurated interpretation of the lower respiratory tract infection and hospital infection.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2021

Pump-cap is a device for discharging the contents stored inside a container to the outside of the container by a simple operation by a certain amount. In particular, in recent years, as the number of cosmetic products made of functional materials has rapidly increased, the development of convenient containers for functional materials is being actively conducted. Among these, there are a growing number of products that show their efficacy only by mixing two components, so the development of a dual pump cap container is necessary. However, the conventional dual pump cap container has a problem in that it is difficult to implement a quantitative discharge as solutions having different viscosities are used. Therefore, in this study, a discharge port of a dual pump cap that can apply an optimal ratio was designed by analyzing the discharge amount of two components with different viscosities through computational fluid dynamics. Since the discharge amount is affected by the size of the discharge port, the higher the viscosity of the solution, the larger the discharge port should be set. Conversely, the lower the viscosity, the smaller the discharge port should be. Through this, it is possible to dispense a fixed amount of a heterogeneous solution by one pumping, and it is determined that the user's convenience will increase.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.32-39
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• 1999

주문형 비디오 시스템에서 가변 비트율로 압축된 데이타들은 압축 대상이 되는 데이타의 내용 변화와 압축 기법의 특성으로 인해 단위 시간 당 처리해야 할 데이타 크기가 일정하지 않다. 그러나, 대부분의 주문형 비디오 서버들은 가변 비트율로 압축된 데이타를 실시간에 처리하기 위해 가변 데이타 크기의 최대값으로 시스템 자원을 예약하기 때문에 자원의 활용률이 떨어진다. 본 논문에서는 주문형 비디오 서버에서 시스템 자원의 활용률을 향상시켜 더 많은 사용자를 수용할 수 있는 버퍼 관리 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 버퍼 관리 기법은 데이타에 대한 캐슁 기법과 함께 가변 비트율로 압축된 데이타를 예약할 때 선반입 기법을 적용함으로써 비디오 데이타의 가변성을 줄이고 디스크 대역폭과 서버 버퍼에 대한 활용률을 극대화하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 버퍼 관리 기법의 효율성은 모의 실험을 통해 확인하였다.