• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.148-156
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the actual vegetation and plant community structure of the urban forest in Kwangju Metropolitan City. Thirty eight plots in the urban forest were set up by the clumped sampling method. The degree of green naturality, 6 that is artifical planting area covered 10.9% in Kwangju Metropolitan City and Pinus densiflora community covered 48.7% of the actual vegetations of urban forest. Canopy height, Diameter of breast height (DBH) and No. of species in urban forest were 13.5m, 21cm and 24 species, respectively. The soil conditions and community structure of the urban forest were differenced by location of urban and suburban area. The plant communities divided into six groups which were Quercus acutissima community, Q. acutissima-Robinia pseudo-acacia community, Pinus rigida Community, P. rigida-P. densiflora community, P. densifrora-Q. acutissima community and Q, serrata-P. densiflora community. Successional series of the urban forest in the surveyed area were proceeding from P. dinsiflora to Quercus species. The species diversity of plant were high in natural plant community but low in artificial plant community. Tree density in the canopy layer varied from 600ea/ha to 2,800ea/ha.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2009

In this study, Urban Climate Simulation was performed by 3-Dimensional Urban Canopy Model. The characteristics of urban climate were analyzed combining artificial land coverage, building size, heat production from the air conditioning and topographic conditions as physical variables which affects urban climate characteristics. The results are as follows. (1) The aspects of the urban climatal change is derived to be related to the combination of the building coverage ratio, building height and shading area. According to the building height, the highest temperature was increased by $2.1^{\circ}C$ from 2-story to 5-story building and the absolute humidity by 2.1g/kg maximum and the wind velocity by 1.0m/s was decreased from 2-story to 20-story building. (2) Whole heat generation was influenced by the convective sensible heat at the lower building height and by the artificial heat generation at the higher one over 20-story building influence to some extent of the building coverage ratio. The effect of the altitude is not more considerable than the other variables as below $1^{\circ}C$ of the air temperature. In the last, deriving the combination of building coverage and building height is needed to obtain effectiveness of the urban built environment planning at the point of the urban climate. These simulation results need to be constructed as DB which shows urban quantitative thermal characters by the urban physical structure. These can be quantitative base for suggesting combinations of the building and urban planning features at the point of the desirable urban thermal environment as well as analyzing urban climate phenomenon.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1972

새로 육종(育種)된 다수성(多收性) 품종인 IR677계통(수원 213 및 214)과 진흥(振興) 및 팔달(八達)을 사용 포장상태(圃場狀態)에서의 군란구조(群落構造)를 비교분석(比較分析)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) IR667계통 (IR8${\times}$Taichung Native 1${\times}$Yukara)은 군락(群落)높이가 낮고 개벽도(開蘖度)가 크며 개엽도(開葉度)가 적고 엽장비율(葉長比率)(지엽장(止葉長)/3엽장(葉長))이 적고 4+5절간장(節稈長)이 짧으며 5절간(節幹) 직경(直俓)이 커서 결과적으로 엽면적지수(葉面積指數)가 크며 수중형(穗重型)이고 엽중비율(葉重比率)(엽중(葉重)/엽초십간중)이 큰 장점을 갖는 반면 엽폭(葉幅)이 크고 엽수(葉數)(잎수/$m^2$)가 적고 비엽면적(比葉面積)( $cm^2/g$)이 적고 노화(老化)에 의한 군락파양율(군낙파양율)이 큰 단점(短點)을 갖고있다. 2) IR667 계통은 군락구조(群落構造)의 10개(個) 구성요소(構成要素)에 의한 구조(構造)의 평가방식(評價方法)으로 제안(提案) 한 "군락평점(群落評點)"이 훨씬 높으며 결과적으로 수량(收量)도 높았다. 3) 개별엽(個別葉)의 질(質)은 장려품종이 좋은때문에 보다 높은 수량을 위한 조합(組合)은 장려품종의 엽(葉)으로 IR667의 구조(構造)를 갖는 것이다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권1호
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• pp.86-92
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• 1999

증발산량은 산원 수자원의 제한 요인이며, 한편으로는 임목의 생장, 분포에 관여하는 중요한 생태계의 요인으로 인식되고 있다. 식생에 의한 증산은 주로 기상학적 요인에 의하여 좌우된다. 조사 유역의 하부는 수고 8m의 소나무로 밀생되어 있으며, 상부는 생장이 불량한 소나무와 참나무류가 산생하고 있다. 1993년도 강수, 유출 조사 자료를 이용하여 증발산량을 구하고, Penman-Monteith 모델의 수관저항을 정하여, 이 모델에 의한 산림지역의 일 증발산량의 계절적 변이를 추정하고자 하였다. 연간 증발산량은 590.3mm이었으며 수관저항값은 99s/m로 결정되었다. 연간 증발산량 중에서 5월의 증발산량이 106.4mm로 가장 큰 값을 나타내며 이는 식생에 의한 수관차단 및 증산의 영향을 반영하고 있었다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.158-174
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• 2018

엽면적지수(LAI: Leaf Area Index)는 식생의 광합성, 증발산, 지표면과 대기사이의 에너지 교환 등을 설명하는 주요 인자로서, 정확하고 활용성 높은 LAI 추정 기법에 대한 연구들이 진행되었다. 본 연구에서는 UAV를 이용한 LAI 추정 방법을 모색하기 위하여 현장 실측된 LAI 자료와 UAV 영상기반의 식생지수, 수고 및 위성영상(Sentinel-2) LAI 간의 관계성을 파악하고 효과적인 UAV LAI 산정방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 그 결과 연구에 활용된 6종의 식생지수 중 Red-edge band를 포함하고 있는 NDRE ($R^2=0.496$), CIRE ($R^2=0.443$)가 LAI 추정에 효과적인 식생지수로 나타났다. 수고(Canopy Height Model) 자료를 식생지수에 적용하였을 때 LAI에 대한 설명력이 향상되었으며, NDVI의 경우에 LAI와의 선형관계에서 발생되는 포화문제(saturation problem)를 보였던 구간(0.85)이 일부 해소됨을 확인하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제39권5_4호
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• pp.1155-1164
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• 2023

현재 국가산림자원조사(National Forest Inventory, NFI)는 인력에 의한 수목정보를 수집하고 있어 조사 범위와 시간의 한계가 따른다. 항공 Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) 및 항공 사진 등을 이용하여 넓은 지역의 수목 정보를 추출하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있으나 수목의 간격이 넓은 지역이거나 수목의 간격이 일정하게 배치된 지역을 대상으로 이루어지고 있어 우리나라 산림지역 특성을 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 항공 LiDAR를 이용하여 수치표면모델(Digital Surface Model, DSM), 수치표고모델(Digital Elevation Model, DEM), 수목높이모델(Canopy Height Model, CHM) 영상을 생성한 후 local maxima 기법을 통해 수고를 추출하고 산정식을 통해 흉고직경(Diameter at Breast Height, DBH)을 산정하는 방법론을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법론을 통해 추출한 수목의 검출 정확도는 매목지구별 각 88.46%, 86.14%, 84.31%로 나타났으며, 수고 값을 기반으로 산정한 DBH의 평균제곱근오차(Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE)가 5 cm 내외로 나타나 제안한 방법론의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 다양한 유형의 산림에 대한 표준화 연구를 진행한다면 수작업으로 이루어지는 국가산림자원조사의 자동화 적용 범위를 확대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.839-843
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• 2011

We have established a wind map of Singapore, a city-state characterized its land cover by urban buildings to confirm a possibility of wind farm development. As a simple but useful approximation of urban canopy, a zero-plane displacement concept was employed. The territory is divided into 15 sectors having similar urban building layouts, and zero-plane displacement, equivalent roughness height at each sector was calculated to setup a terrain boundary condition. Annual mean wind speed and mean wind power density map were drawn by a CFD micrositing model, WindSim where Changi International Airport wind data was used as an in-situ measurement. Unfortunately, predicted wind power density does not exceed 80 $W/m^2$ at 50 m above ground level which would not sufficient for wind power generation. However, the established Singapore wind map is expected to be applied for wind environment assessment and urban planning purpose.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.60-65
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• 1971

In order to observe the factors affecting light utilization efficiency in the canopy of a rice crop grown in reclaimed saline areas in Korea, 22 varieties of rice were cultured at the average salt concentration of 6.05mmhos/cm $25^{\circ}C$, (0.39%) in saline soils and non-saline silty loam soils. The inhibition of tillering ability by salt damage at the maximum tillering stage was greater than to growth in height. A significant direct correlation was observed between both ratios and salt concentration with each variety. In the salty areas the length of the flag leaf of the maturing stage showed a positive correlation with the production of rough rice while other living leaf showed a negative correlation. LAI of maturing stage was less in the salty area than in the non-salty area, while the former showed higher ratio in net assimilation and translocation to head with greater RGR before and after the heading stage.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2010

Studies on daylighting of buildings have been continuously increased due to the recent escalating oil price and low-carbon strategies in developed countries. Daylighting of buildings not only saves electric energy, but provide the occupants with a comfort visual environment. Atrium spaces are adopted by many modern buildings to improve daylight performance of deep interior spaces. Among the various types of atria, the four-sided type atrium is frequently adopted by library buildings, governmental buildings and office buildings. This study aims to suggest daylighting design data for adjacent occupied spaces by conducting dynamic simulations using Daysim program. Daylight Factor(DF), Daylight Autonomy(DA) and Useful Daylight Illuminance(UDI) levels for 12 measurement points in adjacent occupied spaces were calculated for square-shape four-sided atria with different SAR(Section Aspect Ratio) and different canopy transmittance.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2016

Classified into sub-tree of the growth-form, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Carpinus cordata hardly reach the uppermost canopy with limited height growth potentiality in the natural deciduous forest. However, the two species usually dominate lower stories of the forest, playing an important role in overall ecological characteristics in the forest. Based on the vegetation data of 106 $20m{\times}20m$ sample plots in Mt. Jumbong area, this study was carried out to evaluate ecological constitution by several quantitative analysis so as to understand the mechanism of the natural deciduous forest. The results indicated that individuals of A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata were absent or few in overstory, but emerged the most dominant species in midstory and understory, providing adequate proof of the ecological importance. The comparison of indices of succession between presented and predicted values in midstory did not make much difference, suggesting that the species composition would not change much and come close to steady state in midstory and understory. The pair combination of species association noted that A. pseudosieboldianum had significant positive association with C. cordata, Quercus mongolica, and Tilia amurensis had significant positive association with A. pseudosieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono and Fraxinus mandshurica but negative association with F. rhynchophylla. Being compared with other major canopy tree species in the study forest, the target species of A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata had strong regeneration strategies, partially characterized by large number of saplings and pole sized trees and high ratio of live crown, which indicated high shade tolerance to survive in the limited amount of light under the canopy. Even though A. pseudosieboldianum and C. cordata do not reach and occupy the canopy layer mainly due to the inherent growth form, they would have highest competitive potentiality to prosper and dominate in the midstory of the natural deciduous forest.