• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2019

Background: Tropical montane forests played an important role in the provision of ecosystem services. The intense degradation and deforestation for the need of agricultural land expansion result in a significant decline of forest cover. However, the expansion of agricultural land did not completely destruct natural forests. There remain forests inaccessible for agricultural and grazing purpose. Studies on these forests remained scant, motivating to investigate biomass and soil carbon stocks. Data of biomass and soils were collected in 80 quadrats ($400m^2$) systematically in 5 forests. Biomass and disturbance gradients were determined using allometric equation and disturbance index, respectively. The regression modeling is employed to explore the spatial distribution of carbon stock along disturbance and environmental gradients. Correlation analysis is also employed to identify the relation between site factors and carbon stocks. Results: The result revealed that a total of 1655 individuals with a diameter of ${\geq}5cm$, representing 38 species, were measured in 5 forests. The mean aboveground biomass carbon stocks (AGB CS) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at 5 forests were $191.6{\pm}19.7$ and $149.32{\pm}6.8Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The AGB CS exhibited significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation with SOC and total nitrogen (TN) stocks, reflecting that biomass seems to be a general predictor of SOCs. AGB CS between highly and least-disturbed forests was significantly different (P < 0.05). This disturbance level equates to a decrease in AGB CS of 36.8% in the highly disturbed compared with the least-disturbed forest. In all forests, dominant species sequestrated more than 58% of carbon. The AGB CS in response to elevation and disturbance index and SOC stocks in response to soil pH attained unimodal pattern. The stand structures, such as canopy cover and basal area, had significant positive relation with AGB CS. Conclusions: Study results confirmed that carbon stocks of studied forests were comparable to carbon stocks of protected forests. The biotic, edaphic, topographic, and disturbance factors played a significant variation in carbon stocks of forests. Further study should be conducted to quantify carbon stocks of herbaceous, litter, and soil microbes to account the role of the whole forest ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.551-558
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• 2008

It is well known that the protein content of rice grain is an indicator of taste of cooked rice in the countries where people as the staple food. Ground-based optical sensing over the crop canopy would provide information not only on the mass of plant body which reflects the light, but also on the crop nitrogen content which is closely related to the greenness of plant leaves. The vegetation index has been related to crop variables such as biomass, leaf nitrogen, plant cover, and chlorophyll in cereals. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between GNDVI and NDVI values, and grain protein content at different dates and to estimate the grain protein content using G(NDVI) values. We measured Green normalized difference vegetation index [$GNDVI=({\rho}0.80{\mu}m-{\rho}0.55{\mu}m)/({\rho}0.80{\mu}m+{\rho}0.55{\mu}m)$] and [$GNDVI=({\rho}0.80{\mu}m-{\rho}0.68{\mu}m)/({\rho}0.80{\mu}m+{\rho}0.68{\mu}m)$] by using two different active sensors. The study was conducted during the rice growing season for three years from 2005 through 2007 at the experimental plots of National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology. The experiments were carried out by randomized complete block design with the application of four levels of nitrogen fertilizers(0, 70, 100, 130kg N/ha) and the same amount of phosphorous and potassium content of the fertilizers. After heading stage, relationships between GNDVI of rice canopy and grain protein content showed the highly positive correlation at different dates for three years. GNDVI values showed higher correlation coefficients than that of NDVI during growing season in 2005-07. The correlation between GNDVI values at different dates and grain protein contents was highly correlated at early July. We attempted to estimate the grain protein content at harvesting stage using GNDVI values from early July for three years. The determination coefficients of the linear model by GNDVI values were 0.9l and the measured and estimated grain protein content at harvesting stage using GNDVI values highly correlated($R^2=0.96^{***}$). Results from this study show that GNDVI appeared very effective to estimate leaf nitrogen and grain protein content of rice canopy.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 2013

This study investigated plant community structure of Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) in Jeju-do to identify character as evergreen broad-leaved forest. 20 plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and plant communities were divided into 5 communities of Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Ilex integra(Camellia japonica), Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica-Pinus thunbergii and Pinus thunbergii-Quercus glauca by using TWINSPAN, DCA ordination, mean importance value and environmental condition. Area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest with stonny ground is covered with Quercus glauca and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii in canopy layer and Camellia japonica in the subordinate layer. Area of remaining soil's depth is covered with Pinus thunbergii. It has been alleged that Pinus thunbergii planted by human when Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) is not selected local monuments. All of communities is predicted success to community of Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica. Shannon's diversity ranged from 1.0268 to 1.0717 in area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest and 1.2102 in area of Pinus thunbergii. 10 species of broad-leaved tree's constancy ratio is over the 80%. In future, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Cinnamomum japonicum can cover canopy layer, but it has low importance value. Specially high aged Camellia japonica is appeared everywhere. It has been alleged that it was touched by divinity since past. Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) has different plant structure with another evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is hard that knowing its successional sere because it was damaged when it isn't degignate local monument. Accordingly continuous monitoring was required, successional direction and community's character is identified after forest become steady.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

Forming a part of "Cooperative Practical Study for the Modernization of the Management of National Forest", this study was conducted to provide overall ecological information for the natural regeneration of major tree species on the basis of community structural attributes in the deciduous forest ecosystem. Followings are summarized characteristics of the natural regeneration for the selected tree species. Betula costata : Although large number of seeds are dispersed by wind, they require mineral soils to germinate. Thick litter layer could be an obstacle to germinate. After germination, the seedling requires large amount of light for successful establishment. Acer mono : Characterized by high shade tolerance and weak drought resistance, the seedling should be overcasted with more than 50% of canopy coverage. High stand density should be maintained to produce good quality of timber. The potential of coppice may be high. Ulmus laciniata : Since this species needs high rate of troll moisture and light, around 60% of canopy coverage should be maintained to retain moisture and incoming light. The competition with other vegetation should be removed for the favor of successful seedling establishment. Fraxinus mandshurica : This species requires moist mineral soils to germinate. After germination, the seedling needs large amount of light and moisture for successful establishment. Site preparation should be applied to reduce competition with weedy vegetation. Fraxinus rhynchophylla : Interval of large seed crops may be highly varied. Thick litter layer could be an obstacle to germinate. Site preparation should be applied to reduce competition with weedy vegetation so as to achieve successful seedling establishment. Quercus mongolica : Including the difficulty of seed supply by the consumption, thick litter layer and mountain bamboo cover could be the obstacle to germinate. More than 50% of relative light intensity is necessary to achieve successful seedling establishment. Kalopanax pictus : Thick litter layer could be an obstacle to germinate. The seedling needs large amount of light and moisture for successful establishment. Abies holophylla : In spite of high shade tolerance, the growth rate in sapling stage may be extremely slow. Cornus controversa : Seeds (drups) are consumed and dispersed by animals, tending to be not sufficient in seed supply. This species requires large amount of light for successful germination and seedling establishment. Tilia amurensis : The difficulty of seed supply might be expected with low seed purity and double dormancy. Since thick litter layer could be an obstacle to germinate, the species requires moist mineral soils for successful germination. The potential of coppice may be extremely high.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.227-241
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• 2017

A human in urban areas has depended on ecosystem for well-being, so it is important to evaluate urban ecosystem services which contribute significantly to human well-being. In this study we classified ecosystem functions and set indicators used for evaluating ecosystem services of urban park by Delphi method. As a result, it derived 12 items and 14 indicators of ecosystem services to evaluate them such as vegetable garden, canopy cover, biodiversity, and educational programs. Based on the derived evaluation indicators, the feasibility of the indicators was examined by applying to two urban parks, Maetan park and Seoho-Ggotme park, in Suwon City. We also suggested strategies to improve each ecosystem services based on the results of evaluation. It is significant to recognize unknown services in urban parks. The results can be used for improving urban ecosystem services consistently in response to current rapid urbanization. In the future, the city should make a master plan on ecosystem service on urban area, beyond urban park, considering both of quality and quantity.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.29-33
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• 2010

The purpose of LiDAR ground classification is to archive both goals which are acquiring confident ground points with high precision and describing ground shape in detail. In spite of many studies about developing optimized algorithms to kick out this, it is very difficult to classify ground points and describing ground shape by airborne LiDAR data. Especially it is more difficult in a dense forested area like Korea. Principle misclassification was mainly caused by complex forest canopy hierarchy in Korea and relatively coarse LiDAR points density for ground classification. Unfortunately, a lot of LiDAR surveying performed in summer in South Korea. And by that reason, schematic LiDAR points distribution is very different from those of Europe. So, this study propose enhanced ground classification method considering Korean land cover characteristics. Firstly, this study designate highly confident candidated LiDAR points as a first ground points which is acquired by using big roller classification algorithm. Secondly, this study applied weighted gradient kernel(WGK) algorithm to find and include highly expected ground points from the remained candidate points. This study methods is very useful for reconstruct deformed terrain due to misclassification results by detecting and include important terrain model key points for describing ground shape at site. Especially in the case of deformed bank side of river area, this study showed highly enhanced classification and reconstruction results by using WGK algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 1998

This study analyzed urban greenspace area and vegetation structure by land use types for Kangnam-gu and Junglang-gu in Seoul different in income and building construction date. The study districts had a similar areal distribution of land use types. Residential lands accounted for about 32~37% of total area, natural lands, 19~22%, commercial and industrial lands(including transportation), 13~18%, and institutional lands, 13~17%. Greenspace covered only 20~30% of urban residential and commercial area in which human activities of living concentrate. Canopy stocking level in urban lands (all land uses except natural and agrecultural lands) was about 39% for Kangnam-gu and 50% for Junglang-gu, showing tree planting potential slightly higher in Kangnam-gu than in Junglang-gu. Woody plant cover was approximately 13%, and tree density was 3 trees/100m$^{2}$ forurban lands in both districts. The tree-age structure was largely characterized by young, growing tree population, and species diversity within a diameter class decreases as the diameter classes get larger. Urban lands of both districts had quite a similar species composition of woody plants (similarity indez of 0.70). Income and bulding construction date did not result in significant diference between the two districts in vegetation structure for urban lands. Some strategies were ezplored to solve problems found in the present greenspace structures. They included increase of biomass and greenspace area through minimization of unnecessary impervious surfaces, creation of multilayered and multiaged vegetation structures, and avoidance of intensive tree pruning and relocation of above ground utility lines.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Forest harvest as large scale artificial disturbance makes edge environment in both clear-cutted and forested habitat. To clarify the development and recovery process of forest edge after disturbances is essential to understand vegetation responses and landscape level consequences such as edge-distance. In Korea, after clear-cutting, edge-related changes of environment and vegetation was not clarified yet. In Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest, by applying space-for-time approach (sites with undisturbed and 1, 3, 10, 16 yr after cutting), the edge-related change of plant abundance and abiotic factors were determined for 20 line-transect (60 m) and 340 ($1m{\times}5m$) quadrats, and clarified depth and duration of the disturbance. Immediately after edge formation, within 15m form the edge, biotic and abiotic factors such as cover, richness, canopy openness, temperature and moisture content exhibited larger changes compared to forest interior. Plant abundance and abiotic variables were stabilized at the level of forest inside within 16 yr and 10 yr after edge creation, respectively. Woody (tree and shrub) species generally was showed larger increment with proximity to edge than did herb or graminoid species. In addition, negative interactions between woody and herbaceous species were detected during the period of forest edge closure. Our results suggested that depth of forest edge formed by clear-cutting of Korean red pine forest was at least from 15 m to 20 m and edge effect were likely sustained more than 16 years. As the first empirical study on edge-distance between two contrast habitats of clear-cutted and adjacent forest in South Korea, the analytical reality on landscape structure and habitat patches can be improved.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationships between stand attributes and litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand. Eighteen sampling plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were chosen and litterfall was collected from May 2005 to December 2006. There was no correlation between stand attributes(tree density, mean diameter at breast height, mean height, basal area) and litterfall amounts except for flower and miscellaneous litter for the study period. There were no significant relationships between leaf litter and basal area(r=0.02, 0.05; P=0.93, 0.83) and between leaf litter and tree density(r=-0.10, 0.05; P=0.85, 0.69). Also, leaf litter was affected neither by mean diameter at breast height(r=-0.08, 0.30; P=0.73, 0.22) nor by mean height(r=-0.24, 0.09; P=0.34, 0.70). Other litter amounts such as bark, branch, and acorn showed no relationships with the stand attributes (P>0.05). The lack of significant relationships between litterfall amounts and stand attributes could be due to the closed canopy with a complete crown cover in this mature oak stand.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.294-300
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• 2005

The effect of hairy vetch sod culture on reduction of soil loss and providing of nitrogen was investigated for the fields of Chinese cabbage in Hoenggye-Ri, Pyeongchang-Gun Gangwon-Do (780 m above sea level) from 2002 to 2003. Hairy vetch was sowed at just before planting, 15, 30 and 40 days after planting and right after harvest of Chinese cabbage. Hairy vetch was sod-cultivated with Chinese cabbage. The amount of sowing was $40kg\;10a^{-1}$. In this experiment, proper sowing times that had no influence on the yield of Chinese cabbage were 30 and 40 days after planting while other sowing times led to decrease the yield. In case of the former, there was 74% reduction effect of soil loss compared with no-hairy vetch because of covering the fields with hairy vetch right after harvest. Moreover, when the hairy vetch was put into the soil before planting of Chinese cabbage in the next year, it showed 61-79% substitution effect of standard application rate ($320kg\;ha^{-1}$, chemical fertilizer) for nitrogen fertilizer. It is suggested that using hairy vetch as cover crop would be useful in conservation of soil loss and reduction input of agricultural materials.