• International journal of thyroidology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.88-91
• /
• 2018

After introducing tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as promising treatments for radioactive iodine refractory advanced thyroid cancer patients, we more often meet patients with TKI-related hormone and electrolyte imbalances in clinics. Hypocalcemia associated with TKI is associated with an imbalance in calcium-vitamin D metabolism. TKI-related hypothyroidism is related to the metabolic rate of thyroid hormones. The two side effects usually occur in the early stages of TKI treatment, and if the imbalance is corrected appropriately, the effects are minor, but in severe cases, the TKI should be discontinued. The authors reported a case of severe hypocalcemia and thyroid dysfunction after TKI treatment. A 56-year-old man suffered from symptomatic hypocalcemia during TKI treatment, which was resolved after he stopped taking the TKI medication. Although calcium and vitamin D replacement have increased, hypocalcemia was recurred and TKI treatments have been permanently stopped due to serious weight loss in grade 3. After the interruption, his calcium levels normalized.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.56-58
• /
• 2001

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, which is one of the most aggressive tumors of the thyroid, has been seldomly reposted to have altered thyroid function. There have been few reports of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer presenting in a hyperthyroid state. In the literatures, the mechanism of hyperthyroidism in anaplastic thyroid cancer is supposed that the rapid invasive growth of cancer seems to cause destruction of thyroid tissue and develops a hyperthyroid state, which is thought to be anlalogous to that of subacute thyroiditis and several types of metastatic cancer of the thyroid: rapid tissue necrosis with resultant release of thyroid hormone. Recently, we experienced a case of anaplastic thyroid cancer presenting with rapid growing mass and hyperthyroidism in a 67-year-old woman and report it with the review of the literatures.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.46-49
• /
• 2007

Soft tissue implantation of thyroid tissue is a very rare event. Needle tract implantation of thyroid carcinoma after fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy has been occasionally reported, but implantation of benign thyroid tumor tissue is extremely rare. Rupture of thyroid tissues during surgery or trauma may cause the thyroid tissue to be implanted and result in multiple palpable nodules in soft tissue of the neck. Several reports have shown the possibility of implantation of normal or hyperplastic thyroid tissues in soft tissue. We herein report a case of implantation of adenomatous hyperplastic tissue in the neck along the trochar and previous operation site after endoscopic thyroid surgery, which was successfully treated by complete excision.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.16-20
• /
• 2015

Background and Objectives : In papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), multiplicity and central or lateral lymph node metastases significantly affect the recurrence. This study was carried out to evaluate the clinical and histological characteristics of PTC according to the tumor size. Materials and Method : Between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014, 12,269 PTC patients underwent thyroid surgery at the Thyroid Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea. We analyzed pathologic findings and clinical features according to the size of tumor Results : The mean size of tumor was $0.89{\pm}0.70cm$. The Central and lateral compartment metastases were observed 64.7% and 37.6% on the range that the primary tumor size is 1cm. There was a significant association between the PTC primary tumor size and multiplicity and cervical neck metastasis (p<0.001). Conclusion : The PTC primary tumor size for prediction of multiplicity and neck node metastasis can be helpful in optimization of the surgical extent for each patient.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.132-140
• /
• 2006

Well-differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with an increasing incidence. Most patients with well-differentiated thyroid caner have a favorable prognosis with high survival rate. While surgery and radioiodine therapy is sufficient treatment for the majority of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, a minority of these patients experiences progressive, life-threatening growth and metastatic spread of the disease. Because there is no prospective controlled study to evaluate the differences of management of thyroid cancer, it is hard to choose the best treatment option. And there are still lots of controversies about the management of this disease, such as surgical extent, proper use of radioiodine for remnant ablation and therapy, use of rhTSH instead of withdrawal of thyroid hormone, long-term follow-up strategy, thyroglobulin as a tumor marker, etc. In this review, recent data related to these conflicting issues and recent advances in diagnosis, radioiodine therapy and long-term monitoring of well-differentiated thyroid cancer are summarized.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.377-380
• /
• 2016

Background: Epidemiological data on thyroid cancer and associated risk factors are scarce in our setting. The present study was therefore designed to gather data which could be helpful in providing insights to thyroid physicians and surgeons for better management of affected patients. Purpose: To determine the frequency of carcinoma thyroid among patients presenting with goiter and its association with TSH, Tg/ATg and other demographic factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 73 adult patients of either gender with solitary solid cold nodules and/or multi-ndoular goiter (MNG) with predominant solid cold nodules were enrolled. All surgically resected samples were sent for histopathology. The frequency of thyroid cancer and its subtypes was noted and tested for association with gender, age (< or ${\geq}40years$), recent increase in swelling size, TSH, Tg and ATg. Results: Thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 26% (n=19) of the patients, 14 (73.7%) being diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer and 5 (26.3%) with follicular thyroid cancer. No other subtypes were noted. Presence of thyroid cancer was significantly associated with recent increase in swelling size and higher TSH Values mean TSH values (P<0.05). No significant association was found with gender, age, Tg and ATg values (P>0.05). Conclusions: Overall percentage of thyroid cancer in our study sample was found to be 26%, with a predominance of papillary over follicular lesions. Rates were significantly higher in patients who had history of recent increase in swelling size and higher and higher pre-surgery TSH values.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.52-55
• /
• 2001

We present a case of a mixed papillary and follicular thyroid cancer in a 45-year-old female presented with palpable mass on anterior neck area for 1 week ago. Neck CT and ultrasonogram revealed small solid masses in the both lobes of the thyroid gland. Thyroid scintigraphy presents as a cold nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid gland and FNA cytology demonstrated papillary thyroid cancer. At the time of operation, small sized solid masses were detected in the both lobes, and no cervical lymph nodes enlargement along the mass. Biopsies of the both mass demonstrated papillary cancer on right lobe and follicular cancer on left lobe. Simultaneous papillary and follicular thyroid cancer is an extremely rare clinical entity. We experienced a case of simultaneous papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, so we report it with a review of some articles.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2021

Background/Objectives: To analyze changes in the incidence of thyroid cancer for Korean population using big data from the National Health Insurance Service. Materials & Methods: Sample cohort database between January 2004 and December 2013 with 1,000,000 cases for each year was enrolled in this study. Thyroid cancer incidence was analyzed by sex, age and by region. Public health insurance payment was used to reflect socioeconomic status. Results: The incidence of thyroid cancer in Korea increased for 10 years annually. There are 3 times increasing in the incidence rate of thyroid cancer from 2004, 0.03% to 2013, 0.09%. The sex ratio in the incidence rate of thyroid cancer was male : female = 1:7.2 in 2004 and male : female = 1:3.6 in 2013 that suggest decreased gap between the sex ratio. Between 2004 and 2010, the incidence rates of those in their 40s were found to be the highest, whereas the incidence rates for those in their 50s were found to be highest from 2011 and thereafter. Every year the high socioeconomic status group showed a higher incidence of thyroid cancer than low socioeconomic status group. Some specific region showed continuous high incidence of thyroid cancer, not all city and state. Conclusion: The incidence rate of thyroid cancer for 10 years had special feature by sex, age, socioeconomic status and especially by region. This results will be a barometer for further epidemiologic study about the incidence of thyroid cancer for Korean population

• International journal of thyroidology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.99-108
• /
• 2018

Most thyroid cancers are well-differentiated cancers and have a very good prognosis. About 10% of thyroid cancer, however, invades the surrounding tissues, causing local recurrence and distant metastasis, and eventually affecting survival rate. In locally advanced thyroid cancers, the invasion of trachea, larynx and esophagus, can be occurred by primary tumor and may also result in lymph nodes metastasis. Surgical resection is still mainstay for the treatment of locally advanced thyroid cancer. The main purpose of the surgical resection is to eliminate the cancer completely, therefore, it can cause many complications such as dysfunction of the larynx, trachea and esophagus. It can have a serious effect on the quality of life, therefore there is still controversy on the extent of the surgery. The authors compare and analyze the opinions which were already discussed in the literatures published so far. These will help to select the surgical method.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.5153-5155
• /
• 2013

Background: Because of the gender disparity in the incidence of thyroid cancer, this study aimed to determine the association between reproductive factors and thyroid cancer. Methods: A total of 10,767 eligible women from the Khon Kaen Cohort, recruited and interviewed between 1990 and 2001, were followed up until 2011. The data were linked to the Khon Kaen Population-Based Cancer Registry to detect thyroid cancer cases. Results: There was 17 thyroid cancer cases detected, an incidence of 11.2 per 100,000 person-years, of which 70.6 % were papillary tumors. The incidence was apparently greater among those with an early age of menarche, nulligravida women, and oral contraceptive users. Conlusions: There was a trend for thyroid cancer to develop in relation to longer estrogen exposure. This evidence is inconclusive but warrants further investigation.