• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1898-1908
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• 2017

Accurately Diagnosing and managing disease in livestock can help sustainable livestock productivity and maintain human health. Maintaining the health of livestock is an important part of human health. The prediction of calf diseases is carried out by pre-processing the calf biometric data. calf information is used as information for calf birth history, calf biometric information, environmental information on housing, and disease management. It can be developed as an ontology and used as a knowledge base. The Bayesian network was used and inferred in the process of analyzing the correlations of calf diseases. Prediction of diseases based on knowledge of calf disease on calf diseases name, causes, occur timing, care and symptoms, etc., will be able to respond to accurate disease treatment and prevent other livestock from being infected in advance.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of book bag handling styles and types of footwear on muscle activation of erector spine muscles and calf muscles. Methods : Ten participants took off their book bags and used sneakers to walk on a treadmill for 30 minutes. The following day, 10 participants put on their backpack with 10% of the weight and used sneakers to walk on the treadmill for 30 minutes. On the last day, 10 participants put on their backpack with 10% of the weight and used formal shoes to walk on the treadmill for 30 minutes. After walking on the treadmill at 3 mph for thirty minutes, we measured muscle activation in erector spine muscles and calf muscles. Results : The results of this study showed the activation of the erector spine muscles and the calf muscles significantly increased when walking with a book bag and the activation of the erector spine muscles and the calf muscles significantly increased when walking in formal shoes. Conclusion : Using a backpack and formal shoes increase muscle activity of erector spine muscles and calf muscles. The results of this study indicate that not using a backpack and wearing sneakers are more beneficial than that using a backpack weighted 10% and wearing formal shoes and can be recommended to adult women by clinicians.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2015

Calf losses have an economic impact on larger Korean native cattle (KNC) breeding farms due to replacement, productivity, and marketing. However, little research on KNC calf mortality or causes of calf death on large-scale breeding farms has been conducted. Based on medical records and autopsy findings from the Hanwoo experimental station of the National Institute of Animal Science, calf death records from 2002 to 2011 were used to identify the causes of mortality. Mortality rate of KNC calves was 5.7%. Large differences (1.8~12.6%) in yearspecific mortalities were observed. Calf deaths were due to digestive diseases (68.7%), respiratory diseases (20.9%), accidents (6.0%), and other known diseases (2.2%). The main cause of calf death was enteritis followed by pneumonia, rumen indigestion, and intestinal obstruction. The greatest number of calf deaths occurred during the fall followed by summer. These results indicated that enteritis and pneumonia were the main reasons for calf death. However, autopsy findings demonstrated that other factors also caused calf death. This study suggested that seasonal breeding and routine vaccinations are the most important factors for preventing calf death, and improving calf health in high land areas with low temperature.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility gained in young adults with calf muscle tightness, as measured by increases in ankle active and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) after three stretching interventions. Twenty subjects (5 men and 15 women) with calf muscle tightness received the following three stretching interventions in one leg (assigned at random): static stretching (SS), eccentric training on stable surface (ETS), and eccentric training on unstable surfaces (ETU). The subjects received all three interventions to the same leg, applied in a random order. Each intervention had a break of at least 24 h in-between, in order to minimize any carryover effect. Each intervention used two types of stretching: with the calf muscle stretched and both knees straight, and with the knee slightly bent in order to maximize the activation of the soleus muscle. All three interventions were performed for 200 seconds. We measured the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility through active and passive ankle DFROM before intervention, immediately after intervention (time 0), and then 3, 6, 9, 15, and 30 min after intervention. We found a difference in the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility between the three interventions. In the ETS and ETU interventions, a significant improvement in calf muscle flexibility, both ankle active and passive dorsiflexion ranges of motion (ADFROM and PDFROM), was maintained for 30 min. In the SS intervention, however, ADFROM before 9 min and PDFROM before 6 min were statistically different from the baseline. Our results suggest that ETS and ETU may be more effective than SS for maintaining calf muscle flexibility in young adults.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.346-350
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of calf tightness on gait, plantar pressure, and balance in adults. Methods: A total of 60 participants were divided into a normal group of 30 subjects with normal dorsiflexion angle (20-25 degrees) and an experimental group of 30 subjects with limited dorsiflexion angle (0-15 degrees) due to calf tightness. Gait ability and foot pressure of the subjects was measured with a treadmill, and the balance ability was measured by PROKIN system. Results: A significant difference in COP length, loading response, and single limb support was observed between groups. The COP length and single limb support ratio in the normal group was greater than in the experimental group, but the experimental group showed a higher ratio for loading response in the gait ratio. Conclusion: Our results indicated that calf tightness was negative effects on balance and gait ability, so assessment of the muscle tightness should be considered during exercise and treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1318-1328
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• 2011

The tropics is not an ideal location for calf rearing as the high temperatures and humidities introduce many potential disease problems to milk fed calves. In addition, the type of dairy farming (generally poorly resourced small holder farming) and the general lack of awareness of the long term implications of poorly reared stock do not encourage farmers to pay close attention to their calf and heifer rearing systems. Surveys of calf rearing systems in Asia, tropical Africa and South America highlight the high calf and heifer mortalities. A range of 15 to 25% pre-weaning calf mortality is typical on many tropical dairy farms. It is often as high as 50%, indicating very poor calf management. This contrasts with US findings of less than 8% mortality from birth to 6 months while surveys of Australian farmers report only 3% losses. Simple extension programs on farms in Sri Lanka and Kenya have drastically reduced calf mortalities and improved pre-weaning growth rates. Improved management strategies leading to lower calving intervals, higher calving rates, reduced still born and pre-weaned calf mortalities and fewer non pregnant heifers can supply many more dairy herd replacements than currently occurs. Such strategies can increase the number of replacement heifer calves in the herd from 15 to over 35%, thus allowing farmers to increase their herd sizes through natural increases. Simple management procedures such as ensuring adequate intake of good quality colostrum within the first 12 hours of life, housing and good hygiene to minimise disease transfer, providing clean drinking water, developing appropriate feeding protocols to encourage early rumen development and paying closer attention to climate control and animal health can all lead to improved calf vigour and performance. Good record keeping is also important so farmers can more easily identify susceptible calves and quickly treat potential problems.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2022

Background: Individuals with calf muscle shortening may have decreased dynamic balance. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mobilization with movement (MWM) and myofascial release (MFR) on kinematic changes in dynamic balance in individuals with calf muscle shortening. Methods: Thirteen participants were randomly assigned to the MWM or the mobilization with movement added myofascial release (MWM-MFR) group. The MWM group received treatment with only MWM, whereas the MWM-MFR group was treated with MWM and MFR. Pre- and post-intervention passive range of motion (PROM), maximum reaching lengths, and modified star excursion balance test (MSEBT) results were compared for all participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed significant within-group differences in ankle PROM, but no significant between-group differences. The maximum reaching length in the MWM-MFR group in the posterolateral direction was significantly different before and after the intervention (p = 0.005). This group also showed significantly reduced ankle abduction in MSEBT during the posteromedial direction section 3 (p = 0.007) and posterolateral direction section 5 (p = 0.049) compared with the MWM group. Conclusion: Combined MWM and MFR intervention improves ankle stability in the coronal plane during the posteromedial and posterolateral forward movement in dynamic balance compared with only MWM in individuals with calf shortening.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.259-260
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• 1979

A calf with an extra fore limb was born alive. The Korean cow was artificially inseminated. It was considered that in embryonic life, a part of fore limb bud was transfered to and developed on the skin of withers region.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.331-334
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• 1979

A case of schistosom a reflexum in a Korean calf was examined and the followings Were noted. 1. Failure of fissures to close in the mid-line was seen On the neck region and on the thoracic and abdominal cavities, however, the abnormality was present on th

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.335-343
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• 2019

Healthy living is an essential element of human happiness. Quality eating provides the basis for life, and the health of livestock, which provides meat and dairy products, has a direct impact on human health. In the case of calves, diarrhea is the cause of all diseases.In this paper, we use a sensor to measure calf 's biometric data to diagnose calf diarrhea. The collected biometric data is subjected to a preprocessing process for use as meaningful information. We measure calf birth history and calf biometrics. The ontology is constructed by inputting environmental information of housing and biochemistry, immunity, and measurement information of human body for disease management. We will build a knowledge base for predicting calf diarrhea by predicting calf diarrhea through logical reasoning. Predict diarrhea with the knowledge base on the name of the disease, cause, timing and symptoms of livestock diseases. These knowledge bases can be expressed as domain ontologies for parent ontology and prediction, and as a result, treatment and prevention methods can be suggested.