• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 2006

The effect of calcium cyanamide($CaCN_2$) on suppression of clubroot of Chinese cabbage was evaluated in the fields infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae at National Institute of Highland Agriculture, Pyeongchang, Korea, from 2002 to 2003. Calcium cyanamide was found to be more effective in reducing disease severity than flusulfamide dust powder. The optimal dosage of calcium cyanamide for control of clubroot of Chinese cabbage was 61 kg/10a. When calcium cyanamide was incorporated into soil at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days before planting(DBP), maximum disease suppression was obtained in the plot with calcium cyanamide, applied 5DBP. The fertilizer property of calcium cyanamide as a nitrogen fertilizer was also investigated by comparing with urea on cv. CR Gangta, a resistant variety of Chinese cabbage. The nitrogen uptake in calcium cyanamide treatment(17.6 kg/10a), was not significantly different from that of urea(17.8 kg/10a). These results indicated that calcium cyanamide could be used as a soil disinfectant as well as a nitrogen fertilizer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.139-142
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• 2009

The effect of calcium cyanamide (China-made) soil fumigation on the growth of the ginseng pathogen Rhizoctonia, Pythium), soil microbes, and seed germination of lettuce and radish was investigated. At twice the recommended level (2S0-ppm $CaCN_2$), the growth of Rhizoctonia and Pythium, and the seed germination, were not inhibited. Rather, the effective level was 10,000 ppm. The powder form was more effective than the granular form in inhibiting pathogen growth and seed germination. The lettuce seed was also more sensitive than the radish seed. Calcium cyanamide appearedto decrease the fungi population and to increase Actinomycetes in the soil.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2011

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of soil solarization at the Nonsan Strawberry Experiment Station, Korea in 2006 and 2008. In in vitro tests, exposure times to achieve an $LD_{100}$ of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae were 6.6 days and 5.1 days at $45^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. A 100% lethal temperature was $46.7{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$ for the same fungus. For field trials, solarization was conducted during the summer season using polyethylene mulch in a plastic house. The organic matter+calcium cyanamide+solarization treatment increased pH, organic matter, and calcium content compared to those before treatment in soil analysis, but no effect had an urea+solarization treatment. The temperatures at 10 cm depth were different in each treatment and the highest temperature was recorded from July 30 to August 10. The average temperature in organic matter+calcium cyanamide+solarization treatment at 10 cm depth was $3{\sim}4^{\circ}C$ higher than that in all the other treatments. All solarization treatments reduced the soil population of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae at 100% in 2008 relative to the non-treated control. All solarization treatments reduced Fusarium wilt incidence to 0% in 2006 and 2008. The effect of organic matter+calcium cyanamide+solarization against F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae indicates that there may be future alternatives to traditional solarization for disease control as well as reducing the time needed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2002

Double cropping system in a year in Kyoho grapes (Vitis labruscana L.) has currently been attempted in the plastic greenhouse. One of the problems in double cropping system is the promotion of bud break in summer season and shoot fertility. Effects of the control of soil moisture tension near the root zone and treatments of bud dormancy breaking agents on bud breaking in summer were examined to promote the bud break for the second fruiting. The lignification of shoots was induced in July or August by the control of soil moisture tension in root zone environment. The first shoot growth was almost the same as that in common plastic greenhouses. The highest bud break value appeared in the plot of cyanamide chemicals mixed with merit blue as over 75% bud break rate. The bud break rate in the discontinuing plot in irrigation showed significantly higher in bud break than that in the continuing plot in irrigation. Despite of the final high bud break rate, the time of bud break was irregular.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

Background: Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replant failure in ginseng fields. Methods and Results: Solarization of infested greenhouse soil was carried out during the summer season after applying green manure (Sudan grass) and Calcium Cyanamide (CC) on the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at $40^{\circ}C$ after 15 h, but they did not die at $35^{\circ}C$ after 15 h. They also died after keeping the soil at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 9 days, and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, but they did not die at $38^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was $55.4^{\circ}C$ at 5 cm depth, $48.7^{\circ}C$ at 10 cm, $44.7^{\circ}C$ at 15 cm, $42.5^{\circ}C$ at 20 cm, and $31.9^{\circ}C$ at 30 cm by incorporating green manure into the soil and using solarization. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. However, the addition of CC decreased the root weight due to the increase in EC and $NO_3-N$. Conclusions: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in a greenhouse environment was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27
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• pp.47-55
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• 1984

The results of series studies on the ratio of supplements, out-door composting and out-door fermentation induced by using the rice straw as a main substrates at the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, and the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus using the rice straw bundles on its compost are as follows; When rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus was used as the main substrates in synthetic compost as a carbon source, yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. Use of barley straw compost for cultivation of A. bisporus was shown of low yield compared with rice straw, but when a 50% barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. The total organic nitrogen on the compost were shown the positive relation to the yield of A. bisporus, but the ammonium nitrogen negative relation to the mycelial growth and yield of A. bisporus. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of A. bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients selected were as follows: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation byproducts which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. During out door composing of rice straw for cultivation of A. bisporus, using of tuner, composter and tunnel system increased up to 13% of its yield, and also cut down 34% of production Cost. The cultivation of P. ostreatus and utilizing of rice straw and wheat straw was established and its yield was high on the rice straw pots. When the substrates 'Rice straw' was heated by steam at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr. mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was moderately rapid and its yield was high.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-73
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• 1979

These studies were conducted to investigate nutrient sources and supplementary materials of synthetic compost media for Agaricus bisporus culture. Investigation were carried out to establish the optimum composition for compost of Agaricus bisporus methods of out-door fermentation and peakheating with rice straw as the main substrate of the media. The incidence and flora of harmful organisms in rice straw compost and their control were also studied. 1. When rice straw was used as the main substrate in synthetic compost as a carbon source. yields were remarkably high. Fermentation was more rapid than that of barley straw or wheat straw, and the total nitrogen content was high in rice straw compost. 2. Since the morphological and physico-chemical nature of Japonica and Indica types of rice straw are greatly dissimilar. there were apparent differences in the process of compost fermentation. Fermentation of Indica type straw proceeded more rapidly with a shortening the compost period, reducing the water supply, and required adding of supplementary materials for producing stable physical conditions. 3. Use of barley straw compost resulted in a smaller crop compared with rice straw. but when a 50%, barley straw and 50% rice straw mixture was used, the yield was almost the same as that using only rice straw. 4. There were extremely high positive correlations between yield of Agaricus bisporus and the total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, amino acids, amides and amino sugar nitrogen content of compost. The mycerial growth and fruit body formation were severely inhibited by ammonium nitrogen. 5. When rice straw was used as the main substrate for compost media, urea was the most suitable source of nitrogen. Poor results were obtained with calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. When urea was applied three separate times, nitrogen loss during composting was decreased and the total nitrogen content of compost was increased. 6. The supplementation of organic nutrient activated compost fermentation and increased yield of Agaricus bisporus. The best sources of organic nutrients were: perilla meal, sesame meal, wheat bran and poultry manure, etc. 7. Soybean meal, tobacco powder and glutamic acid fermentation by-products which were industrial wastes, could be substituted for perilla meal, sesame meal and wheat bran as organic nutrient sources for compost media. B. When gypsum and zeolite were added to rice straw. physical deterioration of compost due to excess moisture and caramelization was observed. The Indica type of straw was more remarkable in increase of yield of Agricus bisporus by addition of supplementing materials than Japonica straw. 9. For preparing rice straw compost, the best mixture was prepared by 10% poultry manure, 5% perilla meal, 1. 2 to 1. 5% urea and 1% gypsum. At spring cropping, it was good to add rice bran to accelerate heat generation of the compost heap. 10. There was significantly high positive correlation (r=0.97) between accumulated temperature and the decomposition degree of compost during outdoor composting. The yield was highest at accumulated temperatures between 900 and $1,000^{\circ}C$. 11. Prolonging the composting period brought about an increase in decomposition degree and total nitrogen content, but a decrease in ammonium nitrogen. In the spring the suitable period of composting was 20 to 25 days. and about 15 days in autumn. For those periods, the degree of decomposition was 19 to 24%. 12. Compactness of wet compost at filling caused an increase in the residual ammonium nitrogen. methane and organic acid during peak heating. There was negative correlation between methane content and yield (r=0.76)and the same was true between volatile organic acid and yield (r=0.73). 13. In compost with a moisture content range between 69 to 80% at filling. the higher the moisture content, the lower the yield (r=0.78). This result was attributed to a reduction in the porosity of compost at filling the beds. The optimum porosity for good fermentation was between 41 and 53%. 14. Peak heating of the compost was essential for the prevention of harmful microorganisms and insect pests. and for the removal of excess ammonia. It was necessary to continue fer mentatiion for four days after peak heating. 15. Ten species of fungi which are harmful or competitive to Agaricus bisporus were identified from the rice compost, including Diehliomyces microsporus, Trichoderma sp. and Stysanus stemoites. The frequency of occurrance was notably high with serious damage to Agaricus bisporus. 16. Diehliomyces microsporus could be controlled by temperature adjustment of the growing room and by fumigating the compost and the house with Basamid and Vapam. Trichoderma was prevented by the use of Bavistin and Benomyl. 17. Four species of nematodes and five species of mites occured in compost during out-door composting. These orgnanisms could be controlled through peakheating compost for 6 hours at $60^{\circ}C$.