• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1031-1038
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• 1998

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of magnesium supplement levels and periods on calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats given low protein and magnesium deficient diets for 2 weeks. Serum calcium content was significantly lower in the magnesium supplement group than in the magnesium-deficient group, but calcium excretion in urine and feces was significantly increased as magnesium level and period was increased. Increasing the dietary magnesium level and periods raised serum content and excretion of magnesium in urine k feces. Urinary excretion of phosphorus in two week group was significantly lower in the magnesium supplement group than in the magnesium-deficient group. fecal phosphorus excretion in supplement group (Mg 800mg/kg diet) was significantly higher than that of other group. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1031-1038, 1998)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and caffeine consumption levels on Ca, P, Na and K metabolism. One hundred twenty rats were divided into twelve groups according to age, protein level and caffeine consumption such as group(120-130g young rat, 250-300g adult rat) , dietary protein group (20% normal protein , 85 low protein) , caffeine consumption group(0, 3.5mg, 7.0mg). Low protein diet containing high caffeine levels caffeine levels increased calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium contents of urine and fecal in rats. Young rat has higher level of calcium, phosphorus , sodium and potassium than adult rat. In the serum, calcium contents were not affected by age, dietary protein levels and caffeine consumption . However, phosphorus, sodium and potassium contents of serum in adult rat were higher than young rat. In the liver, potassium decreased with decreasing dietary protein levels. In the kidney, calcium , phosphorus and potassium contents were not different by age group, dietary protein levels and caffeine consumption , but sodium content was significantly reduced in the adult rat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1049-1055
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on calcium metabolism in seven healthy college women, aged from 19 to 21 years old. For this purpose, metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks. During the first week, the subjects ate experimental diet which nutrients composition was similar to their usual intake. And during the consecutive second week, they ate the same experimental diet supplemented with 500mg of calcium daily. The results were summarized as follows ; 1) Fecal excretion of calcium increased significantly (P<0.05), but urinary excretion of that did not show any change after supplementary intake of calcium. 2) Mean apparent calcium absorption was 28.5% and retention was 182mg/day when subjects ate the experimental diet without calcium supplementation. Calcium retention was significantly ate the experimental diet without calcium supplementation. Calcium retention was decreased to 24.1% by additional intake of calcium. 3) Phosphorus balance did not show any change after additional intake of calcium. 4) Serum calcium level was also not changed by additional intake of calcium. 5) Serum calcium level increased significantly(P<0.05) but serum phosphorus level did not show any change after additional intake of calcium. The above results showed that supplementation of 500mg calcium daily can be helpful to increase calcium retention as well as the peak bone mass in young women eating usual Korean diets.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among calcium intake, blood parameters related with bone metabolism, and serum lipids in healthy adults on self-selected diet. Subjects were consisted of 40 female college students residing in Chungnam. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake measurements and blood collection were conducted. Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphates, leucine amino peptidase, BUN, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and lipids were measured by biochemical analyzer and ICP spectrometer. The results were as follows. The mean age of subjects was 22.34 years and weight, height and BMI were 52.89kg, 161.29cm and 20.34, respectively. The daily mean energy and calcium intakes were 81.75% and 64.38% of RDA. The mean animal 1:2. The mean serum concentrations were 6.54g/dl(total protein), 4.12g/dl(albumin), 123.24U/(alkaline phosphates), 36.59U/l(leucine amino peptidase), 8.26mg/dl(calcium), 3.29mg/dl(inorganic phosphorus), 60.73mg/dl(triglyceride), 138.49mg/dl(total cholesterol), 65.95mg/dl(HDL-cholesterol), and 60.39mg/dl(LDL-cholesterol). There were no significant differences among calcium intake, bone metabolism parameters, and serum lipids when analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. More systematic studies are required to investigate the roles of calcium in healthy persons on self-selected diets containing different levels of calcium.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1006-1015
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogen-treatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250~280g were underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including the saline-treated group, the estrogen-treated group, the high calcium salt-treated group, and the estrogen/calcium treated groups and fed for 6 weeks. Each group daily intake and excretion of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also studied. The results were as follows: The excretion level of winn calcium was significantly higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.01) and reduced with estrogen treatment but this difference was not statistically significant. Fecal loss of calcium was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.001). When the estrogen was treated, fecal loss was decreased and then apparent digestibility of calcium was increased. Calcium balance was significantly higher the high calcium treated groups than the control diet groups. The excretion level of urinary Phosphorus was higher the ovariectomized rats than sham-operation group, while these showed to be decreased in the calcium salt, the estrogen and the estrogen/calcium treated groups(p<0.01). Fecal loss of phosphrous was higher in the ovariectomized rats. When the estrogen was treated, the fecal loss was decreased in the avariectomized rat than that of other groups. The excretion level of urinary nitrogen was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation, while these showed to be decreased in the estrogen, the estrogen/calcium, and the estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification. Fecal loss of nitrogen was decreased in tile estrogen treated group. The results in this study showed that high calcium, estrogen/calcium and estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification in the ovariectomized rats enhanced calcium balance compared to the ovariectomized rats without calcium treatment, but little effects on the phosphorus and nitrogen balance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.881-886
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to Investigate the effects of green tea catechin on changes of mineral contents in chronic cadmium-poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10g were randomly assigned one of normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium groups were classified to catechin free diet(Cd-0C group), 0.25% catechin diet(Cd-0.25C group) and 0.5% catechin diet(Cd-0.5C group) according to the levels of catechin supplement. Animals were raised for 20 weeks. Cadmium was supplied in drinking water which contained 50ppm Cd$^{2+}$. Effects of catechin were analyzed on changes of mineral contents in chronic cadmium poisoned rats by determining the calcium accumulation in bones, blood, urine and faces and phosphorus In blood and urine. Cd-poisoning inducted the decrease of red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), contents of blood hemoglobin and hematocrit, but the levels of those indices were increased by catechin supplementation. The contents of tibia and femur in Cd-0C group was significantly lower than in normal group, but those of catechin supplemetation group was similar to normal group. The calcium contents of urine and faces were higher in Cd-poisoned groups than in normal group, but they was lowered by catechin supplementation. The phosphorus contents of blood and urine in Cd-0C group was significantly lower than in normal group, but that of catechin supplementation group was similar to normal group. Catechin supplementation improved the calcium metabolism in chronic cadmium poisoned rats by increasing the contents of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in blood and femur and by lowering the urinary and fecal calcium.m.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2005

This study is to find out effects of hot water soluble extract from green tea, one of the Korean favorites, on the calcium metabolism and bone strength in body. To do so, calcium, phosphate, creatinine concentration and ALP activity in blood and the content of calcium and ash in the organ, the length, weight, strength in bone were measured. In addition, to find the calcium metabolism, the level of calcium intake, excretion, retention were measured. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and isoloated soy protein was provided as the source of protein and CaCO₃ was provided as the source of calcium. 0.5% hot water soluble extract from green tea was provided to the green tea groups and for the control group deionized water was provided. The results are as follows ; 1. There is no difference between the experimental groups in diet intake, weight gain, and the feed intake. 2. Feed efficiency ratio was low in the group which hot water soluble extract from green tea was provided. 3. There is no difference between groups the level of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine and ALP activity in serum. 4. There is no difference between groups weight, contents of ash and calcium in kidney and liver. 5. There is no difference between groups in calcium intake, absorption, excretion, and retention. 6. There is no difference between groups weight, length and strength in bone. In summary, when hot water soluble extract from green tea was provided with the amount of 150-200mg, which is taken when people generally drink as favorite tea, weight gain was reduced due to the decrease of feed efficiency ratio. However, it did not affect the availability of calcium in body at all. Thus, even if a big quantity of green tea powder or solid of hot green tea extract is not provided, the quantity obtained when people drink green tea lowers the feed efficiency ratio without reducing availability of calcium in body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 1989

The effects of ethanol and dietary protein levels on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism were investigated in 15-week-old male rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups ; control group(16% protein, 16 PC) and 8%(8 PE), 16%(16 PE), and 24% protein groups (24 PE) to which was given 5% ethanol mixed with their drinking water. Body weigh gain, organ weight, hemoglobin content, and hematocrit value were not affected by either ethanol or dietary protein levels. Calcium concentrations in spleen were significantly decreased in the ethanol groups than those in control group. Calcium and Phosphorus levels in femur, serum, liver, kidney, and muscle were normal. Among ethanol treated groups, fecal excretions of calcium were a little more decreased, but urinary excretions, balances and apparent absorption rate of calcium were a little more increased in higher percentage of protein group than lower percentage. Urinary phosphorus excretions in the ethanol treated groups were significantly decreased compared with the control group. Among ethanol treated groups, phosphorus balance and apparent phosphorus absorption rate of 24 PE group were significantly higher than those of 8 PE and 16 PE groups.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify food sources for major minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and to evaluate the relationship between dietary intake of these minerals and serum lipids in healthy Korean adults. A total of 132 healthy men and women completed a physical examination and dietary record and provided blood samples for lipid profile analysis. Results showed the following daily average mineral intakes: 373.4 mg of calcium, 806.0 mg of phosphorous, 3685.8 mg of sodium, and 1938.3 mg of potassium. The calcium-to-phosphorus and sodium-to-potassium ratio was about 0.5 and 2.0, respectively. The primary sources for each mineral were: vegetables (24.9%) and fishes (19.0%) for calcium, grains (31.4%) for phosphorus, seasonings (41.6%) and vegetables (27.0%) for sodium, and vegetables (30.6%) and grains (18.5%) for potassium. The correlation analysis, which has been adjusted for age, gender, total food consumption, and energy intake, showed significantly positive correlations between Ca/P and serum HDL cholesterol levels, between Na intake and the level of serum total cholesterol, and between Na/K and the level of serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Our data indicates that the level of mineral consumption partially contributes to serum lipid profiles and that a diet consisting of a low Ca/P ratio and a high Na/K ratio may have negative impacts on lipid metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 1981

Calcium and phosphorus are not only indispensable for the bone formation and body fluids equilibrium but also are major components of egg shell. It is nutritionally important, therefore, to investigate the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and to search for optimum requirement of calcium and phosphorus and the availability of various sources of calcium an4 phosphorus by poultry. An attempt was made to review the nutrition of calcium and phosphorus in poultry diets. 1, Calcium and phosphorus have great interrelationship with vitamin D in their metabolisms. 2. Most of the plant-origin phosphorus are existing in phytic form and it leads to low availability when used in poultry rations, although calcium and phosphorus present in animal-origin or mineral supplements are highly available in general. 3. Calcium and phosphorus requirement from existing information indicated that 1.0% calcium and 0.7% phosphorus for broiler and egg-type chicks, and 3.5% calcium and 0.4% phosphorus for laying hen. 4. It has been recommended that calcium and phosphorus level should be increased when the feed intake was decreased or when the egg Production rate was higher or when the hens are old. 5. Mono-, ci-, tri-, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, bone meal, limestone and oyster shell u the most readily available among various sources of calcium phosphorus supplements. Soft rock phosphate, deflourinated phosphate and gypsum are somewhat inferior to the previous ones in bioavailability. 6. The effect of particle size of calcium supplements on egg shell quality and egg production rate is not yet clearly defined but recent works showed that oyster shell is more available when it was coarse and limestone is more available when it was fine in panicle. size. 7. Present data indicated that mixed feeding of oyster shell and limestone is superior to the single feeding of each on laying performance. 8. Significant interaction between phosphorus and sodium was observed, that is, excessive sodium decreased egg production in layer and body weight growth in broiler in the low phosphorus diets but increased them in the high phosphorus diets.