• Resources Recycling
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.18-24
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• 2023

This study undertook initial investigations into the carbonation of chlorine bypass dust, aiming to apply it as a raw material for cement and as an admixture for concrete. Various experimental methods, including XRD(X-ray diffraction), XRF(X-ray fluorescence), and particle size distribution analyses, were employed to verify the physical and chemical properties of chlorine bypass dust, with and without water washing. The mineral carbonation extent of chlorine bypass dust was examined by considering the dust type, stirring temperature, and experiment duration. Notably, a higher degree of mineral carbonation was observed in water-washed bypass dust than its non-water-washed counterpart, indicating an elevated calcium content in the former. Furthermore, an augmented stirring temperature positively impacted the initial stages of mineral carbonation. However, divergent outcomes were observed over time, contingent upon the specific characteristics of dust types under consideration.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2011

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and vitamins to compare the measured values of minerals, vitamins with labeled values of them in food labeling and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values in 437 specimen with minerals and vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. Content of calcium and sodium in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) and vitamins were determined using by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The measured values of calcium were ranged 80.3~142.6% of the labeled values in 21 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. In case of sodium, measured values were investigated 33.9~48.5% of the labeled values in 21 sports beverages. The measured values of vitamin C, vitamin $B_2$ and niacin were ranged 99.7~2003.6, 81.1~336.7, 90.7~393.2% of the labeled values in vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas, 57, 12, 11 samples. To support achievement of the accurate nutrition label, there must be program and initiatives for better understanding and guidances on food labelling and nutrition for food manufacture.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2004

As a foundational study for notifing excellence of persimmon leaves tea, the chemical component and antioxidant activity were investigated in persimmon leaves from Dungsi, Gabjubaekmok, Weulhasi and Cheongdobansi and green tea leaves. Total sugar contents in all persimmon leaves more higher than that of green tea leaves, and the highest free sugar contained in persimmon and green tea leaves was sucrose. Free sugars present in persimmon and green tea leaves were composed of sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose and xylose. Sucrose and fructose took more than 70% of total sugar contents. 31∼32 kinds of amino acid were detected in persimmon leaves and 35 kinds in green tea leaves. And total amino acids contained in persimmon leaves were Dungsi, Gabjubaekmok, Weulhasi and Cheongdobansi, respectively 60.40 nmol/${\mu}$L, 53.21 nmol/${\mu}$L, 52.29 nmol/${\mu}$L and 47.58 nmol/${\mu}$L. Total amino acid contents in green tea leaves was the most abundant of all as 114.72 nmol/${\mu}$L. The contents of vitamin C in persimmon and green tea leaves were in the range of 0.015∼0.089% and 0.01%, respectively. Vitamin C was significant higher content in the persimmon leaves than in green tea leaves. Caffeine was not detected in all persimmon leaves, but the caffeine content of green tea leaves was 6.63 mg/l00 g. The content of catechin was showed in the orders of Cheongdobansi, Gabjubaekmok, Weulhasi, Dungsi and green tea leaves; 0.35%, 0.34%, 0.24%, 0.18% and 0.07%, respectively. The contents of gallic acid in Dungsi and Gabjubaekmok were 0.32% and 0.20%. That of green tea was 1.41%, it was the highest content in all samples. The content of calcium in Chengdobansi was most abundant in all samples as 3516.14 ppm, it was 4∼5 times as that of green tea leaves. Flavor component pattern among persimmon leaves was similar, but that of green tea leaves was different. The IC50(${\mu}$g) value of Dungsi, Weulhasi, Gabjubaekmok, Cheongdobansi and green tea were 64.5, 42.0, 47.0, 64.0 and 19.0 respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1971

In order to establish the method of improving ill drained paddy soil where the accumulation of absorption inhibitor is worried in the earlier stages of rice growth, proper soil is selected and an field experiment is designed having treatments such as lime materials, none sulfate fertilizers, boron and straw etc. The data of yield and plant analysis in different stages of rice growth is eveluated and discussed to obtain following summaries. (1) Significant yield increase was made by the treatment of lime materials such as slacked lime or wollastonite powder, materials inhibiting the activity of microorganisms such as boron and of none sulfate fertilizers lacking inhibitor producing sources. (2) The crop scientifice causes of decreasing yield are the decreasing the number of panicles per hill, grains per panicle and the weight of grains. (3) The plant nutritional causes of decreasing yield are the lowering of nitrogen content throughout the life, phosphate content since young premodia formation stage of plant and the decreased content of magnesium, calcium and silicate in straw at harvesting stage. (4) The causes of lowering the content of various elements in rice plant grown in ill drained paddy soil are suggested as root damage by producing and accumulating absorption inhibitors such as organic acids and hydrogen sulfide etc, from the following observed facts; (a) In young premodia formation stage, attaining to the maximum production and accumulation of absorption inhibitor, the phosphate accumulation in plant was smaller in the phosphate plots than without phosphate plots and much higher in the neutralized plots by adding lime materials. (b) In the plots of straw addition, the potassium content in plant at the young premodia formation stage is very low probabley due to root damage by absorption inhibitor produced from the process of straw decomposition but higher at the stage of harvesting probably due to the immetabolic negative absorption of damaged roots. (c) The effect of boron, known as the inhibitor of microorganism activity to decompose organic matter, is apparent. (d) The effect of nonsulfate fertilizer treatment, having no source of producing inhibitor such as hydrogen sulfide, was significant. (e) All the yield components, decided around the young premodia formation stage attaining to the maximum inhibitor concentration in soil and minimum root activity, are significantly decreased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 1990

A study has been conducted since 1954 to elucidate the effects of longterm application of ammonium sulfate (AS), urea, compost, and calcium silicate(CS) fertilizers on major soil nutrients and rice yields in wetland soil. The soil pH in the AS plot become lower than that in the urea plot but had little influence on rice yield. Continuous application of AS and urea with compost and CS raised the soil pH compared with single applications of AS or urea. Soil organic matter content increased yearly in plot with no fertilizer and in those with AS and urea, and increased considerably in plots with compost and CS. Application of compost and CS promoted rice top growth as well as root growth, resulting in increased dry matter. Soil contents of N, $P_2O_5$, Ca, Mg, and $SiO_2$ in the NPK with composts plot increased considerably compared with the NPK plot; however. the exchangeable K content was rather low. Rice growth increased with compost application. which enhanced K uptake, and the coarse texture promoted K leaching. With compost and CS addition, con tents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the AS plot decreased considerably more than in the urea plot. Probably this was the result of higher Ca and Mg precipitation by sulfate in the AS plot. The re are no significant differences in rice yield between AS and urea plots. With compost and CS treatments, rice yields increased in the AS plot compared with the urea plot. The increase in yield is considered to be the effect of S. which is a constituent of AS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.47-63
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• 1973

This study concerns the nutritional status of food in a lunch-box and the school lunch program provided for Dong Duck Elementary School Pupils in Daegu. Two hundred andsix pupils were randomly selected as a sample. The nutrients contained in a lunch-box and school lunch menu were analyzed according to the Food Composition Table. Nutrients and cost of the Dong Duck Elementary School Lunch were compared to the average nutrient contents of food in a lunch-box of o pupil. In addition, comparisons between the Recommended Daily Allowances of nutrients for Korean children aged from 9 to 11 (4th, 5th, and 6th grade) and that of the contained nutrients in the average lunch-box were conducted. The average nutrients contained in the lunch-box compared with the Recommended Daily Allowances are: Calorie 77.41% (542.60ca1), Protein 73.60% (16.93gr), Fat 33.95% (3.95gr), Calcium 27.85% (111.39mg), Ferret 80.30% (2.65mg), Vitamin A 10.09% (100.93 I.U.), Vitamin Bl 70.27% (0.27mg), Vitamin B2 88.37% (0.38mg), Vitamin C 15.40% (3.45mg). All of the nutrients in the lunch-box fall far below the Recommended Daily Allowances for the 9-11 age group. The average nutrients of staple food in the lunch-box compared with the side-dishes were found to contain Calorie 90.80%, Protein 50.32%, Fat 58.27%, Calcium 37.07 %, Ferret 53.96%, Vitamin A 0.0028%, Vitamin B1 78.11%, Vitamin B2 21.09%. The nutrients of food contained in the Dong Duck Elementary School Lunch Program compared with the Recommended Daily Allowances were: 1. The Protein, Fat, Ferret, Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B2 content was generally satisfactory. 2. Calcuim, Vitamin A and Vitamin C were lower than the Recommended Daily Allowances. 3. The Calorie content was generally lower for the 9-11 age group. The per pupil cost of the lunch-box was 41.87 won which includes the cost of staple food 16.92 won and side-dishes 24.95 won, whereas the school lune Provided by Dong Duck Elementary School Costs 35 won per pupil. Questionnaires were sent to four hundred parents (through their children) to find out their attitude toward the school lunch program. 390(97.50%) of them were returned and 7 of them dia not answer at all. Therefore, these were eliminated from the samlpe. Among 185 parents whose children were eating the school lunch; 172 parents (92.97% ) would pay 40 won for the proposed new school lunch program whereas only 13 parents (7.03%) did not want it. Among 198 parents whose children were not having the school lunch, 58 parents (29.29%) would agree to have the lunch for their children at the cost of 35 won with the proposed new school lunch program equivalent to 40 won. 126 parents (63.63%) could not agree to have their children being the school lunch because of their financial difficulty (74 parents 58.72%). The rest of parents (52 parents 41.28%) raised other reasons which were minor problems. Among the tatal of 383 parents, 309 parents (80.68%) would agree to gave school lunch for their children if the cost of the proposed new school lunch program would be 35 won to 40 won and if minor problems concerning the school lunch program are solved. Sixty parents (15.66% ) raised questions about the school lunch program concerning sanitary problems, taste of bread, and the quantity of lunch. Among 383 parents, 358 parents answered and 25 parents did not. When school officer asked if the parents would help during the school lunch hour, 101 parents indicated they could not help at all, but 177 parents, replied they could help. Among 177 parents, 40 parents of them could share their time from one or two hours everyday except Saturday and 107 parents could serve 1 to 3 days per week. Through this study, it is evident that further investigation should be done of the school lunch program which can be provided 35 won with the proposed new school lunch program. The parents participation in the school lunch program would be improved the understanding between school and parents as well as insure better nutrition and sanitation for the children.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.400-409
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• 2015

This study examined the plant growth and development characteristics of leafy vegetables on the hydroponic substrates of waste wood chips, radiate pine chips, and mat type of waste wood chips. The bulk density of waste wood chips and radiata pine chips were $0.2g/cm^3$ and $0.16g/cm^3$, respectively. The moisture retention properties of both the radiata pine chips and waste wood chips were found to be similar but not better than those of the control rock wool and coco peat hydroponic substrates. The moisture retention property of the mat type was found to be the lowest. The chemical analysis of waste wood hydroponic substrates (w/v) was as follows.; The pH was 6.59, electric conductivity was 6.76 dS/m, total nitrogen content was 0.5%, C/N ratio was 113%, phosphorus was 10.1 ppm, potassium was 77 ppm, calcium was 531 ppm, magnesium was 49 ppm, and sodium was 96 ppm. The results from the radiata pine chemical analysis showed that it had a pH of 5.29, electric conductivity of 4.49 dS/m, total nitrogen content of 0.32%, C/N ratio of 180%, phosphorus of 6.4 ppm, potassium of 83 ppm, calcium of 97 ppm, magnesium of 29 ppm, and sodium of 59 ppm. Except for the plants grown in mat type, the developmental characteristics of the plants grown in rock wool and coco peat hydroponic substrates were similar. Based on the results of the experiment, waste wood resources may possibly be used as an organic solid medium in place of the existing rock wool and coco peat medium.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.455-462
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• 2003

A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a diet containing no Ca supplement (limestone) during the late finishing period on growth, marbling and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ level in Korean native cattle. Twenty-four steers (20${\sim}$24 mo of age) were divided into two groups of 12 each: one group assigned to a control diet (concentrates containing 2.5% limestone) and the other to a diet containing no calcium supplement. They were allowed to have free access to diets (concentrates and orchard grass hay) and water during the entire feeding period (223 d). Serum $Ca^{2+}$, Ca and P concentrations were not influenced by diets, but serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ concentrations determined 2 or 6 mo after the beginning of feeding the experimental diets were higher (P<0.01) in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in those fed the control diet (78.3 vs 51.7 and 80.3 vs 51.1 pg/mL, respectively). Steers fed the diet without Ca supplement tended to have a higher intake of concentrates, but a lower intake of hay, compared to those fed the control diet. Average daily gain was higher (P<0.05) in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in those fed the control diet. Feeding the diet without Ca supplement remarkably (P<0.01) increased the marbling score (5.1 vs 2.2) and the muscle (M. longissimus dorsi) fat content (10.2 vs 6.7%) with a concomitant decrease in moisture content (67.6 vs 70.4%), compared to feeding the control diet. Ribeye area was increased (77.2 vs 82.8 $cm^2$) with the diet without Ca supplement, compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Meat color, pH and water-holding capacity in longissimus muscle were not different between the two groups. The Warner-Brazler Shear (WBS) force of the longissimus muscle was slightly (P=0.08) lower in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in steers fed the control diet (2.9 vs 3.2 kg/1.27-cm diameter core). Sensory evaluation showed that feeding the diet without Ca supplement slightly (P<0.05) improved tenderness (4.9 vs 4.5) and flavor (4.9 vs 4.6), compared to feeding the control diet, but juiciness was not affected by diets. Results showed that deletion of Ca supplement from finishing diets is beneficial, increasing growth and marbling partly through an increased energy intake and induced 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ synthesis that may increase intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration and in turn fat synthesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.839-846
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• 2007

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of the ginseng by-product on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. The animals used in the experiment were a total of 24 Landrace×Yorkshire and weighted 65.81±2.02kg. The experimental diets were basal diet(CON) and 2.5% ginseng by-product(GBP), which replaced lupin in basal diet. The pigs were allotted at 4 pigs per pen with three replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. In growth performance, ADFI was significantly lower(P<0.0001) in GBP than in CON. In plasma biochemical composition, total protein(P<0.01), blood urea nitrogen(P<0.03), glucose(P<0.01), albumin(P<0.02), calcium(P<0.01) and inorganic phosphate(P<0.01) were significantly higher in GBP than in CON. Carcass and meat quality were not significantly different between treatments. Total ginsenoside content on meat was significantly higher(P<0.0001) in GBP than in CON. TBARs was significantly lower in GBP than in CON for 6 days(P<0.03) and 12 days (P<0.06), respectively. Our research indicates that plasma biochemical composition, total ginsenoside content and TBARs were affected when replaced with ginseng by-product. Ginseng by-product in the pig diet increased pig muscle ginsenoside, indicating that ginseng by-product can be used as a feed additive.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.321-331
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mechanical and acid treatment on enamel surfaces for the retention of pit and fissure sealants and evaluate the presence of a prismless layer. The etch pattern produced on enamel from immature and mature premolar teeth extracted with varying period of acid etching using 37% phosphoric acid was examined using a scanning electron microscope(SEM). The composition of each groups was evaluated using an energy dispersive x-ray(EDX) spectroscopy. The result of present study can be summarized as follows: 1. Prismless layer was commonly observed on the fissure enamel in young and mature premolar. 2. There were no differences in micro-structure and etching pattern on fissure enamel between the young and the mature premolar. 3. The most effective etching pattern for retention of pit and fissure sealant was observed in 60 seconds of etching time and no apparent difference of etching pattern was found among 15, 30, and 45 seconds of etching time which showed non-retentive etching patterns. 4. The etching pattern obtained by grinding enamel surface with bur followed by 60 seconds of etching was similar to that of 60 seconds of etching without any pretreatment of fissure surface. 5. Type 2 etching pattern was commonly found on fissure enamel in both young and mature premolar. 6. The calcium content and P/Ca ratio in fissure enamel between the young and the mature premolar were significantly different(P<0.05). But content of calcium, phosphate and P/Ca ratio on various regions of fissure enamel in both young and mature premolar did not showed any difference. Based on these results, prismless layer may negatively influence the retention of pit and fissure sealants. Therefore, the mechanical removal of the prismless layer by grinding prior to etching or by prolonged etching time of enamel within the fissure system should result in an improved bonding of a pit and fissure sealant.