• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1397-1405
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• 2009

This study was to investigate food components of Bigum spinach growing in Jeonnam Shinan. The samples used in this study were Pohang spinach of inland and jo-saeng, chung-saeng, man-saeng, chungman-saeng spinach of Bigum located on Jeonnam Shinan. We analyzed proximate composition, mineral content, germanium, organic acid, free sugar, vitamin A, C, and E contents. We conducted the sensory evaluation after blanching and color changes of before and after blanching of 5 kinds of spinach. The results were as follows: moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach. Crude protein, carbohydrates and crude fiber contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. In mineral contents, potassium and zinc contents were higher in Pohang spinach than Bigum spinach whereas calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Germanium contents was 14.06$\sim$27.16 ppb in Bigum spinach whereas not detected in Pohang spinach. In organic acid contents, man-saeng and jo-saeng of Bigum spinach were high in oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid and formic acid contents. Succinic acid and acetic acid contents were high in Pohang spinach. Almost all free sugars were higher in Bigum spinach, especially jo-saeng and man-saeng, than Pohang spinach except lactose. Vitamin A contents was similar with Pohang and Bigum spinach except chung-saeng but vitamin C and E contents were higher in Bigum spinach than Pohang spinach. Color L (light) after blanching was significantly higher in chungman-saeng than other spinaches. Color a (redness) was significantly lower in chung-saeng and man-saeng than others and chungman-saeng was significantly higher than others. Color b (yellowness) was low in man-saeng and high in jo-saeng of Bigum spinach. In case of sensory properties after blanching, taste, sweet, overall preference were significant higher in Bigum spinach except chung-saeng than Pohang spinach.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.968-972
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• 2012

Soil chemical properties of agricultural soils in Korea were investigated at four-years interval in order of paddy, plastic film house, upland, and orchard soils since 1999. Paddy soil samples were taken from the surface 15 cm at 4,047, 2,010, 2,110 and 2,110 sites in all provinces of South Korea in 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2010, respectively. Soil chemical properties in Korea except Jeju province were measured. Soil pH and exchangeable calcium and available silicate contents increased with increasing the application rate of silicate fertilizer and with decreasing its application interval. Soil organic matter content also increased from $22.0g\;kg^{-1}$ in 1999 to $26.0g\;kg^{-1}$ in 2011. Average concentration of available phosphate in 2011 was higher than the upper limit of its optimal range for rice cultivation. However, exchangeable magnesium and available silicate contents were below the lower limit of their optimal ranges, which were 80% and 92% of them, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2010

Monitoring of the dynamic changes at paddy rice agriculture is very important for agricultural sustainability. Field monitoring was performed to evaluate the soil chemical properties of 260 paddy soil samples every four years from 1999 to 2007 in Gyeongnam Province. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, available phosphate, silicate, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents were analyzed. The contents of exchangeable cations, and available silicate were significantly increased in 2007 compared to 1999. The chemical contents of organic matter, exchangeable potassium, and magnesium were significantly increased in acid sulfate soil, and silty clay loam compared to those of other soil types, and textures. Especially, content of organic matter was significantly increased in hill area compared to other soil topographies, while exchangeable potassium was significantly decreased. Principle component analysis (PCA) of chemical properties in paddy soils was obtained with eigenvalues > 1 summing 39.1%of variance for PC1, 20.4%of variance for PC2, and 59.5%of the total variance in the all of soil chemical properties. Therefore, principal component analysis is more effective for monitoring from chemical properties of paddy soil.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

Background: Various studies and experimental trials have been done to develop bioprosthetic devices to treat complex congenital heart disease due to the limited usage of homograft tissue. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of diamine bridges with using L-lysine, as compared with using ethanol. Material and Method: Porcine pericardium was fixed at 0.625% GA (commercial fixation). An interim step of ethanol (80%; 1 day at room temperature) or L-lysine (0.1 M; 2 days at $37^{\circ}C$) was followed by completion of the GA fixation (2 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and 7 days at room temperature). The tensile strength and thickness of the porcine percardium were measured, respectively. The treated pericardiums were implanted subcutaneously into three-week old Long-Evans rats for 8 weeks. The calcium content of the implants was assessed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the histology. Result: Ethanol pretreatment ($13.6{\pm}10.0ug/mg$, p=0.008), L-lysine pretreatment ($15.3{\pm}1.0 ug/mg$, p=0.002), and both treatment ($16.1{\pm}11.1ug/mg$, p=0.012) significantly inhibited calcification, as compared with the controls $(51.2{\pm}8.5ug/mg)$. L-lysine pretreatment ($0.18{\pm}0.02mm,\;1.20{\pm}0.30kg$ f/5 mm) significantly increased the thickness and tensile strength, as compared with ethanol pretreatment ($0.13{\pm}0.03mm,\;0.85{\pm}0.36$ 1.0 kg f/5 mm) (p<0.01, p=0.035). Conclusion: The diamine bridges using L-lysine seemed to decrease the calcification of porcine pericardium fixed with glutaraldehyde, and this was comparable with Ethanol. Additionally, it seemed to enhance the thickness and tensile strength.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2013

Coal ash can be added to agricultural soils to increase the chemical properties of soil such as pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient availability of - B, Ca, Mo etc-. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of fly ash as a soil amendment in paddy soils. Selected fly ash was mixed with bentonite and calcium hydroxide at the ratio of 80:15:5 (w/w) and manufactured as a pellet type at the size of 10 mm. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fly ash fertilizer on the soil quality and crop growth compare to the control (no fertilizer) and, - traditional fertilizer. Results showed that soil pH and organic matter in paddy soils after applying the manufactured fly ash fertilizer were not increased compared to the other two treatments. However, the concentration of available phosphate and silicate in paddy soils were higher than those of the control and traditional fertilization. With regard to crop growth, no significant difference was observed between three different treatments. However, the content of protein in the rice grain cultivated with the fly ash fertilizer was higher than in the rice cultivated by other two treatments. Overall, fly ash fertilizer could increase the concentration of available silicate and phosphate in the paddy soil and improve the rice quality. In conclusion, fly ash can be utilized in agricultural soils as soil amendment, especially in the rice paddy soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.242-248
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• 2007

To find a feasibility of utilization of food waste slurry (FWS) generated during composting, FWS was combined with pig manure slurry (PMS) in various ratios and the change of nutrient contents and offensive odor of the combined slurries before and after fermentation were studied. The initial pH was 7.67 for PMS and 8.45 for FWS. However, during the fermentation, pH increased in the combined slurries with the higher FWS rate among the treatments while decreased in thosewith higher PMS rate. EC of each slurry sample showed that the difference among combined slurry samples has been reduced during fermentation and became stabilized in $21{\sim}23dS\;m^{-1}$ after 180 days. After 180 days fermentation, total nitrogen (T-N) decreased. T-N of mixture with a half and more FWS decreased up to 0.1%, less than the critical level (0.3%). The contents of O.M., T-N, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium decreased with fermentation while those of potash and salinity increased. From initial fermentation until 30 days, a lot of $NH_3$, as an offensive odor, was produced. However, it decreased steadily, except in higher PMS rate. In terms of producing $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of $NH_3$, the top layer took 30 days after fertilization with FWS only, 45 days for utilized treatment with F75 (25 % of PMS), 75 days for utilized with F50 (50%) and F25 (75%) and 90 days for PMS only, respectively. $RNH_2$ also had similar trend with $NH_3$ but it was produced continuously as long fermentation proceeded. In terms of $RNH_2$, the decrease in concentration up to $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ were; 45 days for FWS only(F100), 105 days for F75 utilization, 120 daysfor F50, 165 days for F25, respectively. ethyl mercaptan was produced in PMS until 180 days after fertilization but it was not produced in FWS. Sensory tests as an integrated test of offensive odor were also done. FWS showed lower than 1 after 30 days from initial fermentation, while PMS had still offensive odor even up to 180 days from initial fermentation. It is probably affected by the continuous production of ethyl mercaptan and amines. However, considering in decrease T-N content caused by volatilization while offensive odor intensity according to official standard of fertilizer is lower than 2. Further study on controlling offensive odor needs to be done.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to provide the basic data for yacon [Samallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson] in dietary food. The nutritional compositons, such as protein, ash, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin and fructooligosaccharide, were analyzed for 4 yacon germplasm lines. Yacon has low calories with only 46~56 kcal/100 g. The contents of water, fat, ash, protein, carbohydrate and dietary fiber were ranged 85.9~86.8%, 0.1~0.2%, 0.2~0.3%, 0.5~0.7%, 12.2~13.1% and 1.05~1.14%, respectively. The iodine-starch test did not show any color or precipitation reaction, which indicates that yacon has no starch content. However, in the absence of starch, yacon is rich in fluctooligosaccharide, which is between 9.6~11.1%. Maltose is present in the larger amount, followed by sucrose, glucose, and fructose in terms of free sugars. The analysis of minerals revealed that yacon contains potassium in the larger amount of 141~176 mg/100 g F.W., followed by magnesium at 8.2~10.6 mg, calcium, and sodium representing the least present mineral. Yacon proved to have a total of 17 types of amino acids, which are between 404.0~581.8 mg per 100 g of yacon. Glutamic acid, the main sweetening component, is present in the large amount of 94.0~182.2 mg/100 g F.W., followed by aspartic acid, arginine, and alanine. The proportion of the essential amino acid was 24.8~33.6%. Results of analysis also showed that yacon contains 0.001~0.024 mg, 0.03~0.11 mg, 0.02~0.3 mg, 0.3~0.4 mg and 14.1~20.6 mg of ${\beta}$-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid, respectively. It is also likely to be highly used as functional food material in the future because it is abundant in both fluctooligosaccharide and antioxidants which are important functional components.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 1979

The followings are the results obtained from the investigation of blood pictures and serum components of rabbits according to gestation period. 1. The erythrocytes count and hematocrit values were insignificantly decreased with the progress of gestation period. The hemoglobin content was significantly decreased at 3- and 4-week after gestation. 2. The total leukocytes count was continuousely increased during the gestation period. This tendency was significantly recognized at 3- and 4- week after gestation, but the normal situation was restored after parturition. While the percentage of neutrophils was significantly increased, that of lymphocytes was decreased from 3 weeks after gestation. 3. The contents of total protein and non-protein nitrogen were continuously decreased with the process of gestation period, but the significant differences were recognized from 3 weeks. 4. The total lipids were not markedly changed until 3 weeks, but significantly increased at 4-week after gestation and on 5-day after parturition. 5. The serum cholesterol tended to be decreased until 3 weeks, but significantly increased at 4-week after gestation and on 5-day after parturition. 6. The serum calcium was continuousely decreased during the gestation period, but the significant differences were recognized at 3- and 4-week. The serum phosphorus was also significantly decreased at 4-week after gestation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ground corn as an additive to ginseng residue silages. The silages were made with corn (CS), red ginseng (GS), red ginseng residue +0.5% ground corn (GS0.5), w/w bases, red ginseng residue+1.0% ground corn (GS1.0) and red ginseng residue+silage inoculant, lactic acid bacteria (GSL). The raw materials were cut only for corn forage in 2cm length. The ginseng residue without cutting were mixed without or with additives, ground corn and inoculant, and ensiled each into two 2,000ml glass bottles. The bottles with silages were stored at a dark place at room temperature and formented for 60 days. The crude protein contents were higher for all red ginseng silages as 17.7, 18.8, 18.3 and 17.8% for GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL than that of corn silage as 8.8% (p<0.05). The calcium content were higher in GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 0.99, 1.13, 0.99 and 1.03% than that in CS as 0.31% (p<0.05). The pH of silages fermented for 60 days was similar each other; CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 3.8, 3.7, 3.3, 3.5 and 3.7, respectively. However the pH of GS0.5 was the lower than that of corn silage. The total concentration of volatile fatty acids were higher for CS as 87.3 mM/dl than those of GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 44.7, 37.8, 46.3 and 47.2 nM/dl. However, the percentage of lactic acid concentration of ginseng silages such as GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL, 60.2, 77.2, 83.4 and 77.3% was higher than that in CS, 53.7% (p<0.05). The in vivo dry matter digestibilities for 72hr fermentation was higher in ginseng silages (GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 and GSL as 76.5, 75.8, 72.9 and 77.3%, respetively) than that in for CS as 52.1% (p<0.05). It can be concluded that silage added with ground corn (GS0.5 and GS1.0) and lactic acid inoculant were high in its quality, and the GS0.5 can be suggested as a practical method for red ginseng residues silage making.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1984

The elderberry was known to the ancients for its medicinal properties, and in Europe the inner back was formerly administered as a cathartic. The flowers contain a voletile oil, and serve for the distilation of elder-lower water, used in confectionery, perfumes and lotions. The leaves are employed to impart a green colour to fat and oil, and the leaves and bark emit a sickly odour, believed to be repugnant to insect. With its unique flavor and natural food colour, commercial processing companies used the fruit mainly in the making for jam, jelly, pies, juice, and wines. Its vitamin-C content is reported by Andross (1941) as 25-30mg/100g. Harvesting and processing have been mechanized to some extent. However, the cotains with nutritional value has not been reported yet. In the present study the various contains with nutritional value in the fresh elderberry juice is reported by the quantitative analysis. In this study results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1) The fresh elderberry juice contained following mineral elements; calcium 0.012%, magnesium 0.023%, potassium 0.10%, sodium 0.0019%, iron 0.0009%, cobalt 0.0002%, zinc 0.0004%, copper 0.0001%, phosphorus 0.036%, manganese 0.0006%, iodide $1{\mu}g/g$. 2) Five kinds of vitamines were also found ; vitamin-$B_1$ $0.1{\mu}g/g$, vitamin-$B_2$ $0.5{\mu}g/g$, vitamin-C 0.3mg/g, niacin $14{\mu}g/g$, choline chloride 0.3mg/g. 3) Fresh elderberry juice also contains crude protein 1.10%, fat 0.26%, carbohydrate 6.9%, pectin 0.76%, tannin 0.89%, ash 0.80%, water 90.9% and 34.3 cal/100g. 4) The absorption spectrum of the purplishblack color of fresh elderberry juice has a peak between 523-530mm.