• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.8
• /
• pp.1037-1041
• /
• 2009

The effect of dietary zinc levels on macro mineral contents was investigated in rats. Rats were divided into three groups by zinc levels, such as low (50% of requirement, Zn/L), adequate (100%, Zn/A) and high (200%, Zn/H) levels of dietary zinc. The calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium contents in serum and organs were measured. The food intake was significantly higher in Zn/L group compared to that of Zn/H group. The body weight gain in Zn/H group was significantly lower than that of other two groups. There were no significant differences in liver, kidney and spleen weights. Also, serum calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium concentrations were not significantly changed by the zinc diet at any level. In the low zinc diet group, liver calcium content was significantly lower, but the magnesium and potassium contents in spleen were significantly higher than that in other groups. The calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium contents of kidney were not significantly different for any level of zinc. In conclusion, the macro mineral contents of liver and spleen in the normal rats were changed by zinc levels. Based on this study, the interaction between micro and macro minerals remains to be further studied.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.491-500
• /
• 2004

To assess the quality of nutrient intake by area of Korean adults, a dietary survey with the 3-day record method was obtained from 324 subjects aged 40 years and older but younger than 70 (52.4 $\pm$ 8.7) living in a rural area (Ansung) and suburban area of a middle-sized city (Ansan). The quality of nutrient intake was assessed by analyzing Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR), Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). The average daily mean energy intakes were 1,832 ㎉ for Ansung and 1,842 ㎉ for Ansan, respectively. Daily intakes of fat for Ansung and Ansan subjects were 40.9 and 40.3 g, and those for protein were 75.1 and 73.1 g, respectively. The overall calorie: protein: fat ratio (CPF) of energy intake was 63 : 17 : 20. Daily mean intakes of protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, carotene, sodium, thiamin, and niacin were significantly higher in Ansung residents than in Ansan subjects (p < .05). The average intakes of energy, calcium, vitamin A were lower than Recommend Dietary Allowance (RDA) in both areas. Note, over 30% of the study subjects had less than 75% of RDA of calcium, vitamin A and riboflavin. The MAR was higher in Ansung than Ansan residents (0.86 and 0.85, respectively; p < .05). INQs were over 1 for most nutrients except calcium (0.87), and that of calcium and phosphorus was each significantly higher in Ansung than Ansan subjects. Based on these results, nutrient intake quality of subjects aged 40 to 69 years living in the surveyed rural area is comparable to that of semi-industrialized suburban area in Korea. Dietary deficiency in all of calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin, however, was a common problem for both rural and suburban residents.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.367-372
• /
• 2002

This study investigated the effects of dietary soy protein and Ca on the lipid profiles of rats fed fat-enriched diets. Rats were divided into two groups and fed either a casein-low Ca (Exp I) or ISP-high Ca diet (Exp II) for a control period of 4 weeks. The two groups of rats were again subdivided into 4 groups and fed one of 4 experimental diets for another 4 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of 18% beef tallow and 1 % cholesterol, in which either 20 % casein or ISP with one of two levels of Ca, high (1 %) or low (0.1 %). The concentrations of total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, liver and feces were determined. At the end of the control period, the serum total lipid and cholesterol concentrations were low in the rats fed ISP-high Ca diet (67~76% and 83~86%). During the next 4 week period, these concentrations remained significantly lower in rats fed the diets containing ISP and high Ca compared with those on casein and low Ca diets (p ＜ 0.05). Total lipid and cholesterol concentrations in feces were significantly higher in the ISP-high Ca dietary group at 4 weeks, and high in both high Ca groups at 8 weeks. This study demonstrates that both soy protein and Ca reduce serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, and total lipid in rats fed fat-enriched diet, and that they have an additive effect when combined.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.447-458
• /
• 2020

This study assessed yearly trends of food and nutrient intake among high school students aged 16 to 18 years (n=2,377) using the 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Yearly trends of food or nutrient intake were analyzed via logistic regression analysis. The results showed that consumption of sugars & sweets, and beverages & alcohols was increased rapidly during this period (p<0.0001). Intake of meat & meat products, and fish & shellfish also was increased (p=0.0008). Intake of grains and grain products was increased until year 2011 but declined after 2012 (p=0.0025). Consumption of vegetables, and milk & milk products was decreased (p=0.0395). Intake of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron was increased (p=0.0445). Carbohydrate energy ratio was decreased, whereas fat energy ratio was increased (p=0.0235). Most nutrient intakes satisfied the dietary reference intakes for Koreans except dietary fiber (19.6~26.2%), calcium (46.9~55.2%) and sodium (more than 221.4%) during this period. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes and most nutrient intakes (p=0.0468). Therefore, it is crucial to increase dietary fiber and calcium intake and decrease consumption of sugars, fats and sodium through diverse eating of food groups to ensure balanced nutrition of subjects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.280-288
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient and food intake status in underweight female college students living in Seoul. 126 underweight(BMI<20) and 74 normal weight (20$\leq$BMI<25) students were asked for their daily food intake and eating habits by using 3-day food records and questionnaire. We analyzed the amounts of the nutrient intakes and food groups as the subjects. The mean of height and weight were 162.1cm and 49.0kg in underweight and 160.6cm and 54.9kg in normal weight subjects. The mean energy, iron, and vitamin A intakes among the students were smaller than RDA for Koreans. The mean calcium(p<0.01), sodium(p<0.05), and vitamin B$_2$(p<0.05) intakes in underweight subjects were significantly higher than those in normal weight subjects. Total food intakes of underweight and normal weight students were 1235.8g and 1078.1g, respectively. The mean of the pulse group in the underweight was significantly higher than that in normal group(p<0.01) Frequently consumed food or dish items of the subjects were Kimchi, cooked rice, and milk. In the relation between BMI and dietary factors, the BMI was found to have a significant negative correlation with calcium intake(p<0.05), pulse intake(p<0.01) and eating habit score(p<0.01) Eating habit scores about quantity of food and lipid intake showed a significant difference between underweight and normal students.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.82-88
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of age, education and residence on food consumption and nutrient Intakes of older women living alone. In-home interviews were conducted using the health habits and food frequency questionnaire for one hundred twenty free living, healthy women who were between the ages of 60 and 87 years. Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of three independent variables on food consumption and nutrient intakes. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on 5-point scale, and consumption scores were compared with groups according to age and education. The meat consumption of younger and more highly educated respondents were significantly( p<0.05) higher. The oldest Participants had higher consumption frequencies for cereals and grain food categories. but lower consumption frequencies for vegetables and fruits ( p<0.05) The dietary assessment data showed that the energy and Protein intakes of subjects were 84.8% and 85.1% of RDAs, respectively. Vitamin A and calcium intakes showed a significant (p<0.05) difference among the three age groups More highly educated respondents had higher intakes of calcium and phosphorus than those respondents with less education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.434-441
• /
• 1995

The model rats with postmenopausal osteoporosis were comparatively observed with regard to the effects of bovine ash and calcium phosphate on calcium metabolism. The modelling design involved the five week-old week-old female SD-strain rats ovariectomized and fed a low-Ca diet(20% casein, 0.06% Ca and 0.38% P) for three weeks. The rats were divided into five groups, one of which was fed the low-Ca diet(basal), and the rest of which were divided into five groups, one of which was fed the low-Ca diet(basal), and the rest of which were fed four kinds of Ca-supplemental diets(20% protein, 1.06% Ca and 0.8% P) for three weeks. The Ca-suplements diets contained two kinds of Ca sources, bovine bone ash(BBA) or calcium phosphate, tribasic [Ca3(PO4)2] and two kinds of protein sources, casein or isolated soy protein(ISP). The model rats of postmenopausal osteoporosis fed basal diet showed a significant decrease in Ca utilization in reference to serum Ca concentration, breaking force of bone, Ca and P contents of bone, and Ca absorption and retention. However, the supply of Ca for three weeks demonstrated the improved utilization of Ca. One step further, BBA was more effective than calcium phosphate in improving Ca utilization in ISP-fed groups. On the other hand, no significant difference was seen in casein-fed groups. It is to conclude that BBA could be more effective in accelerating Ca utilization under vulnerable dietary or physiological conditions such as vegetable protein intake and osteoprosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1982

The effects of lactose on the formation of casein phosphopeptide (CPP), the increment of soluble calcium and the enhancement of calcium absorption by dietary casein in the intestinal tract were investigated. Rats were fed a lactose-free diet, 10% lactose diet and 30% lactose diet containing powdered milk. In rats receiving a lactose-free powdered milk diet, CPP formation was confirmed by gel filtration of the intestinal content on Sephadex G -25 and the amount of soluble calcium was increased in the small intestine and calcium absorption, measured by the ligated ideal loops in situ was enhanced. However, In rats receiving a powdered milk diet containing 10% lactose or 30% lactose, the similar effects were not seen. These observations indicate that CPP-stimulated effects on soluble calcium and calcium absorption in the small intestine are not dependent upon lactose.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary calcium supplementation and exercise on bone mineral density and bone mineral content of growing female rats. The exercise and control group were fed a diet containing 0.5% calcium and Ca supplementation group were fed a diet containing 1.0% calcium diet. The exercise group ran on a rodent treadmill (speed of 15m/min for 30 min) three days per week during the 3-week study period. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of spine and femur were determined by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (FIXI-mus, GE Lunar Radiation Cooperation, Madison, WI, USA). The exercise group had significantly greater (6.25%) spine BMD compared to the nonexercise group and the exercise group had but not significantly greater spine BMC (7.1%) compared to nonexercisers. Femur BMD and BMC divided by the rats final body weight appears to have a higher BMD (7.5%) and BMC (4.5%) in the exercise group, which indicates that exercise had a positive influence on femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content. The supplementation of calcium did not significantly affect spine and femoral BMC and BMD for the 3 weeks experimental period. It can be concluded that when calcium intake meets the recommended, exercise is beneficial for acquisition of spine bone mineral density in young growing female rats. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 195∼201, 2002)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
• /
• 2001.12a
• /
• pp.126-133
• /
• 2001

As dietary intakes levels of Calcium decrease below those recommended by health authorities the incidence of Osteoporosis is set to continue to rise. To address this issue it is becoming necessary to fortify regularly consumed foods such as cereals, biscuits etc. with ingredients such as AquaCal. AquaCal is a natural, organic source of calcium that is produced from calcified seaweed, Phymatolithon and Lithothamnion and can be utilised for Calcium and magnesium supplementation in a broad range of foods and beverages. AquaCal presents a great potential over other calcium sources because of its porous structure and it composition associating key minerals as calcium, magnesium and boron in addition to being neutral in taste in applications. Once consumed the efficacy of AquaCal must then be verified therefore a bioavailability a comparative feeding study to assess effects of AquaCal on bone density was carried out. There was no significant difference in bioavailability based on calcium absorption between AquaCal and Limestone however the weights of the femurs of the animals fed AquaCal did significantly increase over the group fed Limestone. As a natural and organic mineral AquaCal has many different fields of application.